In the current chapter, we review the research on close relationships done via the methodologies of neuroscience – in short relationship neuroscience (RN). Much of the research we review focuses on attachment (child–parent or romantic) and sexuality. Nevertheless, we aim to cover RN broadly defined. We start by framing our topic and providing a few working definitions. We then cover the various relational (attachment, interdependence) and neuroscience (social baseline theory, and the Functional Neuroanatomical Model of Human Attachment) theories, methodologies (MRI, ERPs, and genetics), and types of relationships (familial relations, romantic, friendships, sexual relations, etc.) used or covered in this subfield. We explore both positive and negative aspects of close relationships. Finally, we reflect on the bidirectional link and contributions between relationship science and neuroscience and suggest potential implications for mental and physical health and policymaking. We also outline some remaining issues and future directions for RN.

Chapter 5 covers research on visual perception and related psychological theories needed to fully understand the visualisation process. Cues and heuristics are discussed since they are effortless and quick ways for the brain to support human decision-making. Cues are stimuli in the environment triggering a habitual thought, i.e., a heuristic. On average, cues and heuristics will help shoppers come to sufficiently good decisions, but it is highly possible that in most situations a bit of more effortful reflection would lead to even better solutions. The chapter also goes through how heuristics can be misleading. For instance, if retailers reduce the number of stock-keeping units (SKUs), the ones remaining will more easily enter the awareness of the shoppers since there is less clutter. The fact that more products enter the shoppers' awareness will be misinterpreted by the shoppers who think that the number of SKUs has increased. Furthermore, research shows that colour is the visual quality that the brain accesses most easily and that brightness contrast is the dimension of colour that the brain uses most effortlessly. Finally, eye-tracking and the physics of the eye are discussed.

The Hungarian political system after the regime change has become extremely polarised and deep political fault lines have developed between the domestic political communities. It has been investigated in this chapter how hatred and the resulting violence (verbal and non-verbal) and its post-2010 constitutional representation have become one of the main structuring factors of the domestic political and social space in such a way that asymmetric counter concepts have become dominant in the identification war between opposing political sides: this means that almost all possibilities for dialogue between opposing positions have been lost, because the definition and domination of the identity of the other has become the main aspect. This paper argues that similar processes of attribution and identification have been taking place in the refugee crisis since 2015, and this time the hatred has been directed towards the ‘political other’, only to return to the domestic political scene and further deepen the dichotomies that have become familiar since the regime change. The post-2010 constitution-making process elevated this hostility to the level of the Fundamental Law and created a system of Constitutionalised Image of Enemy (CIE), the analysis of CIE is the main undertaking of this chapter.

It is a rare thing for an historian to have access to sources which chart the entire history of a state, from planned creation to pre-meditated extinction. Nor is every state’s constitutional and political history as varied as that of Czechoslovakia, which was founded on 28 October 1918 and ceased to exist at midnight on 31 December 1992. Czechoslovakia’s experience can be seen as a compressed history of twentieth-century Europe and the many ways the modern state has been imagined. During its relatively brief existence, Czechoslovakia was federalized, centralized, dissolved, reconstituted, re-centralized and re-federalized; it also went from military dictatorship to parliamentary democracy; from authoritarian democracy to Nazi colony; from people’s democracy to Soviet satellite; and from Communist dictatorship and command economy to democracy and the free market. In 2009, Yale University Press brought out a comprehensively revisionist history, Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed, the first full account of the state to be written by an outsider. This chapter tells the story of how the book first came to be researched and written by the present author, why its publication in 2009 caused such a furore and why former dissidents insisted, ten years later, in bringing out a Czech-language edition.

Several authors have connected Hegel’s view on action with Elizabeth’s Anscombe’s notion of practical knowledge. This chapter first develops the notion of practical knowledge in Kant and Fichte, noting their similarity to Anscombe’s view. Practical knowledge is a knowing of what one is doing in acting. Yet Hegel’s idea of absolute knowledge in the Phenomenology of Spirit goes beyond this. Practical knowledge yields products or “works” (Werke), which are also products of concepts. Conceptual knowledge of such works, which often stem from institutional histories, is what Hegel calls “absolute knowledge.” It is argued that Hegel’s idea of absolute knowledge is qualitative rather than quantitative: it concerns a transparent form of knowing rather than a certain massive extent or even finality of knowing. The constellation between the topics of concepts, artifacts, and social-historical realities present in the Phenomenology becomes a precedent for the more abstract argument for concrete conceptual truth in the Logic.

This chapter begins in medias res; it traces and exemplifies Romantic historicism and its enduring potency in the political imagination of the two World Wars. Two specific legacies of Romanticism are identified: the idea that the nation is a transcendent principle deserving our devotion and loyalty; and the paradox that the nation, while inspiring our fervent political allegiance, it is itself not political or contentious but, rather, ‘unpolitical’. This twofold legacy explains the title of this book, Charismatic Nations. That concept is also discussed with reference to the emergence, in the century between Edmund Burke and Max Weber, of the notion of ‘charismatic leadership’; it is suggested that such leaders, as typified by Weber, often derive their charisma from the fact that they are seen to intuit and address the historical needs of the nation as a unified whole.

This chapter introduces the Hamiltonian operator in the language of second quantization, which is associated with the many-particle system to be considered throughout, including its time-dependent part. An expression is derived for the corresponding time-evolution operator, which depends only on the Hamiltonian and not on the initial preparation of the system before the time-dependent part begins to act. The connection between the Schrödinger and Heisenberg representations is discussed.

Chapter 6 covers research about category management. Said simply, category management means a focus on categories instead of on SKUs, and a division of labour between retailers and manufacturers. In category management various categories are said to belong to one of four roles:profile, routine, convenience, and season. A profiling category stands out as quite unique, a routine category is one that all comparable stores stock, a convenience category is perhaps not part of the core categories but that is carried so that shoppers don't have to go somewhere else to find it; and a seasonal category, which is only stocked when at specific times. Other useful ideas from category management are the concepts of transaction builders, traffic builders, and profit generators. Transaction builders are categories that contribute more to revenues than the average category. A traffic builder is a category of items that end up in many shopping baskets. A profit generator is a category that contributes more to the store’s margin than the average category. A category management project is typically organised so that retailers choose a ‘category captain’ (a manufacturer) to represent all the brands in the category. Together with the retailer, the category captain decides on strategies and planograms. A common outcome of category management projects is that profits increase, but not necessarily revenues .

Drawing on ethnographic and interview data, this chapter shows how women artists navigate the gendered complexities of working in the highly male-dominated occupation of electronic music production and performance. Using a feminist critical management studies lens and positioning the construction of subjectivity as a relational, and power-laden process, the discussion notes six subjectivities enacted by women producing and performing electronic music. (1) The Intersectional Artist (2) The Genderless Artist (3) Visible Woman: Invisible Artist (4) Shrinking Violets and Tough Cookies (5) One of the Boys and (6) Bringers of Divine Feminine Energy. The discussion addresses the impacts these subject positions have on women’s careers and concludes by showing how women’s collectives, despite representing an additional burden on those who organise them, are challenging the status quo by providing public and visible action through the ‘safety and strength in numbers’ of collective activism.

Mean-field decouplings can also be utilized in time-dependent (nonequilibrium) situations. This chapter considers the time-dependent Hartree–Fock approximation for fermions in the normal phase, as obtained in terms of a time-dependent mean-field decoupling (postponing to Part II the Gor’kov generalization to the superfluid phase). A connection is also established with a more standard formulation of the time-dependent Hartree–Fock approximation in terms of a set of time-dependent single-particle wave functions.

The Romantic interest in popular and oral traditions accompanied the historicist interest in ancient manuscript materials but turned to living performers rather than to archives for its sources. This interest in oral-performative literature as a window on a nation’s ancient imagination was especially strong in the more peripheral parts of Europe, from the Scottish Highlands to the Balkans and the Baltic, but was theorized most effectively by the eminent German scholar Jacob Grimm. It deepened into an ethnographic interest in ancient national myths. It was felt that studying the roots of the nation’s language, customs and legends could map its primeval world-view and document the workings of its essential character or Volksgeist.

This chapter converts the Dyson equation for the contour single-particle Green’s function to real-time variables. The corresponding equations for the Matsubara, right Keldysh, left Keldysh, lesser, greater, retarded, advanced, and Keldysh components are explicitly considered. A connection is also established with the original Kadanoff–Baym equations.