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2407 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 70 of 121

Modality

Modality
  • Sònia Roca-Royes
  • Published online:
    07 April 2023
    Print publication:
    11 May 2023
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  • Modality is a vast phenomenon. In fact, it is arguably a plurality of phenomena. Within it, one type of modality warrants distinctive interest in philosophy and, in particular, in metaphysics. In view of this, this Element has a first part devoted to modality as a general phenomenon, where different types of modalities are distinguished, and where the question of unification is raised. Following this, the second part is focused on metaphysical modality: the type of modality that is of distinctive interest in metaphysics, and thus for the series of this Element. In this second part, the overarching question is about the source of metaphysical modality, and the discussion here informs back, and is informed by, the question of unification from the first part. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Dynamic Approaches to Phonological Processing

Dynamic Approaches to Phonological Processing
  • Hunter Hatfield
  • Published online:
    06 April 2023
    Print publication:
    11 May 2023
  • Natural language occurs in time. Events happen earlier, later, or simultaneously with other events; however, this temporal dimension is often downplayed or overlooked. This Element introduces readers with a background in structural linguistics to dynamic approaches to phonological processing. It covers models of serial order, speech production and speech perception, with special attention to how they can enhance one another. The work then asks whether dynamic approaches have the potential to change how we think of phonological structure. Key ideas discussed include phonemes and auditory targets, control mechanisms creating structure, and the shape of phonological representations in a dynamic context. The work should function as a bridge for those with linguistic questions who want to learn answers derived from the study of speech as a dynamic system.
In Defense of Ideology

In Defense of Ideology
  • Reexamining the Role of Ideology in the American Electorate
  • Elizabeth N. Simas
  • Published online:
    05 April 2023
    Print publication:
    11 May 2023
  • Years of collective political science research has fueled the stereotype of the uninformed or illogical American voter who ardently supports parties or candidates but lacks any cohesive ideological reasons for doing so. Prior works, however, do not tell the whole story nor fully capture the nature of public opinion in today's increasingly polarized political environment. Thus, this Element makes the case for more careful and nuanced assessments of ideological thinking in the American electorate. Using a variety of more contemporary survey and experimental data, it shows that a substantial portion of Americans do hold coherent political beliefs and that these beliefs have important consequences for the American political system. Though partisanship still plays a powerful role, the electorate as this Element presents it is much more ideological than the literature too often assumes.
Explaining Transformative Change in ASEAN and EU Climate Policy

Explaining Transformative Change in ASEAN and EU Climate Policy
  • Multilevel Problems, Policies and Politics
  • Charanpal Bal, David Coen, Julia Kreienkamp, Paramitaningrum, Tom Pegram
  • Published online:
    03 April 2023
    Print publication:
    13 April 2023
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  • The Paris Agreement embodies a flexible approach to global cooperation, aimed at encouraging ever more ambitious climate action by a variety of players on all levels of governance. Regional organizations play an important role in mobilizing such action. This Element provides novel insights into the conditions under which policy entrepreneurs can bring about transformative policy change in regional settings, with a focus on the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It finds that opportunity structures in the EU have been conducive to successful climate-progressive policy entrepreneurship at several key junctures, but not consistently. In contrast, the ASEAN governance context provides few access points for non-elite interests, making it fiendishly difficult for policy entrepreneurs to push for substantive policy change in the face of powerful domestic veto players. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Navigating the Web

Navigating the Web
  • A Qualitative Eye Tracking–Based Study of Translators' Web Search Behaviour
  • Claire Y. Shih
  • Published online:
    03 April 2023
    Print publication:
    13 April 2023
  • This Element reports an investigation of translators' use of web-based resources and search engines. The study adopted a qualitative eye tracking-based methodology utilising a combination of gaze replay and retrospective think aloud (RTA) to elicit data. The main contribution of this Element lies in presenting not only an alternative eye tracking methodology for investigating translators' web search behaviour but also a systematic approach to gauging the reasoning behind translators' highly complex and context-dependent interaction with search engines and the Web.
Facsimiles and the History of Shakespeare Editing

Facsimiles and the History of Shakespeare Editing
  • Paul Salzman
  • Published online:
    31 March 2023
    Print publication:
    22 June 2023
  • Is a facsimile an edition? In answering this question in relation to Shakespeare, and to early modern writing in general, the author explores the interrelationship between the beginning of the conventional process of collecting and editing Shakespeare's plays and the increasing sophistication of facsimiles. While recent scholarship has offered a detailed account of how Shakespeare was edited in the eighteenth century, the parallel process of the 'exact' reproduction of his texts has been largely ignored. The author will explain how facsimiles moved during the eighteenth and nineteenth century from hand drawn, traced, and type facsimiles to the advent of photographical facsimiles in the mid nineteenth century. Facsimiles can be seen as a barometer of the reverence accorded to the idea of an authentic Shakespeare text, and also of the desire to possess, if not original texts, then reproductions of them.
Mary Robinson and the Gothic

Mary Robinson and the Gothic
  • Jerrold E. Hogle
  • Published online:
    29 March 2023
    Print publication:
    27 April 2023
  • Celebrated as an actress on the London stage (1776–80) and notorious as the mistress of the Prince of Wales (1779–80), Mary Darby Robinson had to write to support herself from the mid–1780s until her death in 1800. She mastered a wide range of styles, published prolifically, and became the poetry editor of the Morning Post. As her writing developed across the 1790s, she increasingly used the motifs of Gothic fiction and drama descended from Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto (1764). These came to pervade her late novels and poems so much that she even wrote her autobiography as a Gothic romance. She also deployed them to critique the ideologies of male dominance and the forms of writing in which they appeared. This progression culminated in her final collection of verses, Lyrical Tales (1800), where she Gothically exposes the conflicted underpinnings in the now-famous Lyrical Ballads (1798) by Wordsworth and Coleridge.
The Language of Fake News

The Language of Fake News
  • Jack Grieve, Helena Woodfield
  • Published online:
    29 March 2023
    Print publication:
    27 April 2023
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  • In this Element, the authors introduce and apply a framework for the linguistic analysis of fake news. They define fake news as news that is meant to deceive as opposed to inform and argue that there should be systematic differences between real and fake news that reflect this basic difference in communicative purpose. The authors consider one famous case of fake news involving Jayson Blair of The New York Times, which provides them with the opportunity to conduct a controlled study of the effect of deception on the language of a single reporter following this framework. Through a detailed grammatical analysis of a corpus of Blair's real and fake articles, this Element demonstrates that there are clear differences in his writing style, with his real news exhibiting greater information density and conviction than his fake news. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Ancient and Pre-modern Economies of the North American Pacific Northwest

Ancient and Pre-modern Economies of the North American Pacific Northwest
  • Anna Marie Prentiss
  • Published online:
    29 March 2023
    Print publication:
    27 April 2023
  • This Element provides an overview of pre-modern and ancient economies of the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The region is widely known for its densely occupied semisedentary villages, intensive production economies, dramatic ritual life, and complex social relations. Scholars recognize significant diversity in the structure of subsistence and goods production in the service of domestic groups and institutional entities throughout the region. Here, domestic and institutional economies, specialization, distribution, economic development, and future directions are reviewed. The Element closes with thoughts on the processes of socio-economic change on the scales of houses, villages, and regional strategies.
The Place of Coercion in Law

The Place of Coercion in Law
  • Triantafyllos Gkouvas
  • Published online:
    27 March 2023
    Print publication:
    13 April 2023
  • The question of whether coercion is a necessary or contingent feature of governance by law is a historically complex aspect of a venerable 'modalist' trend in jurisprudential thinking. The nature of the relation between law and coercion has been elaborated by means of a variety of modally qualified accounts, all converging in a more or less committing response to whether the language, concept or essence of law as a system of governance necessarily entails the coercive character of this system. This Element remodels in non-modal terms the way in which legal philosophers can meaningfully disagree about the coercive character of governance by law. On this alternative model, there can be no meaningful disagreement about whether law is coercive without prior agreement on the contours of a theory of how law is made.
The Hidden Talents Framework

The Hidden Talents Framework
  • Implications for Science, Policy, and Practice
  • Bruce J. Ellis, Laura S. Abrams, Ann S. Masten, Robert J. Sternberg, Nim Tottenham, Willem E. Frankenhuis
  • Published online:
    24 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • Although early-life adversity can undermine healthy development, an evolutionary-developmental perspective implies that children growing up in harsh environments will develop intact, or even enhanced, skills for solving problems in high‐adversity contexts (i.e., 'hidden talents'). This Element situates the hidden talents model within a larger interdisciplinary framework. Summarizing theory and research on hidden talents, it proposes that stress-adapted skills represent a form of adaptive intelligence enabling individuals to function within the constraints of harsh environments. It discusses potential applications of this perspective to multiple sectors concerned with youth from harsh environments, including education, social services, and juvenile justice, and compares the hidden talents model with contemporary developmental resilience models. The hidden talents approach, it concludes, offers exciting directions for research on childhood adversity, with translational implications for leveraging stress-adapted skills to more effectively tailor education, jobs, and interventions to fit the needs of individuals from a diverse range of life circumstances.
A Review and Evaluation of Homology Hypotheses in Echinoderm Paleobiology

A Review and Evaluation of Homology Hypotheses in Echinoderm Paleobiology
  • Colin D. Sumrall, Sarah L. Sheffield, Jennifer E. Bauer, Jeffrey R. Thompson, Johnny A. Waters
  • Published online:
    24 March 2023
    Print publication:
    13 April 2023
  • The extraxial-axial theory (EAT) and universal elemental homology (UEH) are often portrayed as mutually exclusive hypotheses of homology within pentaradiate Echinodermata. EAT describes homology upon the echinoderm bauplan, interpreted through early post-metamorphic growth and growth zones, dividing it into axial regions generally associated with elements of the ambulacral system and extraxial regions that are not. UEH describes the detailed construction of the axial skeleton, dividing it into homologous plates and plate series based on symmetry, early growth, and function. These hypotheses are not in conflict; the latter is rooted in refinement of the former. Some interpretive differences arise because many of the morphologies described from eleutherozoan development are difficult to reconcile with Paleozoic forms. Conversely, many elements described for Paleozoic taxa by UEH, such as the peristomial border plates, are absent in eleutherozoans. This Element recommends these two hypotheses be used together to generate a better understanding of homology across Echinodermata.
Dispositions and Powers

Dispositions and Powers
  • Toby Friend, Samuel Kimpton-Nye
  • Published online:
    22 March 2023
    Print publication:
    20 July 2023
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  • As we understand them, dispositions are relatively uncontroversial 'predicatory' properties had by objects disposed in certain ways. By contrast, powers are hypothetical 'ontic' properties posited in order to explain dispositional behaviour. Chapter 1 outlines this distinction in more detail. Chapter 2 offers a summary of the issues surrounding analysis of dispositions and various strategies in contemporary literature to address them, including one of our own. Chapter 3 describes some of the important questions facing the metaphysics of powers including why they're worth positing, and how they might metaphysically explain laws of nature and modality. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Great Gatsby and the Global South

Great Gatsby and the Global South
  • Intergenerational Mobility, Income Inequality, and Development
  • Diding Sakri, Andy Sumner, Arief Anshory Yusuf
  • Published online:
    22 March 2023
    Print publication:
    20 July 2023
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  • In the Global South economic mobility across generations or intergenerational economic mobility is in and of itself an important topic for research with consequences for policy. It concerns the 'stickiness' or otherwise of inequality because mobility is concerned with the extent to which children's economic outcomes are dependent on their parents' economic outcomes. Scholars have estimated levels of intergenerational mobility in many developed countries. Fewer estimates are available for developing countries, where mobility matters more due to starker differences in living standards. This Element surveys the area, conceptually and empirically; it presents a new estimate for a developing country, namely Indonesia; it discusses the 'Great Gatsby Curve' and highlights the different positions of developed and developing countries. Finally, it presents a theoretical framework to explain the drivers of mobility and the stickiness or otherwise of inequality across time. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Technology and Culture in Pharaonic Egypt

Technology and Culture in Pharaonic Egypt
  • Actor Network Theory and the Archaeology of Things and People
  • Martin Fitzenreiter
  • Published online:
    21 March 2023
    Print publication:
    13 April 2023
  • The inherent paradox of Egyptology is that the objective of its study – people living in Egypt in Pharaonic times – are never the direct object of its studies. Egyptology, as well as archaeology in general, approach ancient lives through material (and sometimes immaterial) remains. This Element explores how, through the interplay of things and people – of non-human actants and human actors – Pharaonic material culture is shaped. In turn, it asks how, through this interplay, Pharaonic culture as an epistemic entity is created: an epistemic entity which conserves and transmits even the lives and deaths of ancient people. Drawing upon aspects of Actor Network Theory, this Element introduces an approach to see technique as the interaction of people and things, and technology as the reflection of these networks of entanglement.
Strategizing AI in Business and Education

Strategizing AI in Business and Education
  • Emerging Technologies and Business Strategy
  • Aleksandra Przegalinska, Dariusz Jemielniak
  • Published online:
    21 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • This Element proposes a clear and up-to-date description of the state of artificial intelligence today, not only in terms of business processes and strategies, but also its societal reception. It presents our view of the technology landscape, avoiding both the forward-looking, rose-colored utopia and the hyper-apocalyptic gloom. It does so in a concise form, addressing a complex issue in 9 concise and easy-to-read chapters. It aims to discuss the current state of machine learning and AI in strategic management, and to describe the emerging technologies. It conceptualizes their adoption, and then consider the effects of AI technologies' maturity in business organizations.
Machine Learning for Experiments in the Social Sciences

Machine Learning for Experiments in the Social Sciences
  • Jon Green, Mark H. White, II
  • Published online:
    21 March 2023
    Print publication:
    13 April 2023
  • Causal inference and machine learning are typically introduced in the social sciences separately as theoretically distinct methodological traditions. However, applications of machine learning in causal inference are increasingly prevalent. This Element provides theoretical and practical introductions to machine learning for social scientists interested in applying such methods to experimental data. We show how machine learning can be useful for conducting robust causal inference and provide a theoretical foundation researchers can use to understand and apply new methods in this rapidly developing field. We then demonstrate two specific methods – the prediction rule ensemble and the causal random forest – for characterizing treatment effect heterogeneity in survey experiments and testing the extent to which such heterogeneity is robust to out-of-sample prediction. We conclude by discussing limitations and tradeoffs of such methods, while directing readers to additional related methods available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
Peace in Digital International Relations

Peace in Digital International Relations
  • Prospects and Limitations
  • Oliver P. Richmond, Gëzim Visoka, Ioannis Tellidis
  • Published online:
    21 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • The international architecture of peacebuilding and statebuilding is currently responding to a shift from 'analogue' to 'digital' approaches in international relations. This is affecting conflict management, intervention, peacebuilding, and the all-important role of civil society. This Element analyses the potential that these new digital forms of international relations offer for the reform of peace praxis – namely, the enhancement of critical agency across networks and scales, the expansion of claims for rights and the mitigation of obstacles posed by sovereignty, locality, and territoriality. The Element also addresses the parallel limitations of digital technologies in terms of political emancipation related to subaltern claims, the risk of co-optation by historical and analogue power structures, institutions, and actors. We conclude that though aspects of emerging digital approaches to making peace are promising, they cannot yet bypass or resolve older, analogue conflict dynamics revolving around power-relations, territorialism, and state formation.
Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies

Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies
  • Mathew Gillings, Gerlinde Mautner, Paul Baker
  • Published online:
    20 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • The breadth and spread of corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) indicate its usefulness for exploring language use within a social context. However, its theoretical foundations, limitations, and epistemological implications must be considered so that we can adjust our research designs accordingly. This Element offers a compact guide to which corpus linguistic tools are available and how they can contribute to finding out more about discourse. It will appeal to researchers both new and experienced, within the CADS community and beyond.
The Dual Nature of Multilateral Development Banks

The Dual Nature of Multilateral Development Banks
  • Balancing Development and Financial Logics
  • Laura Francesca Peitz
  • Published online:
    20 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • This Element offers a novel, highly relevant perspective towards Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), which are development and financial organizations at the same time. Based on the elaborate institutional logics perspective borrowed from organizational sociology, it uncovers the complex trade-offs between financial and development pressures faced by MDBs and explains variation in organizational responses thereto across types of MDBs. The argument is tested with an original dataset using Data Envelopment Analysis to explain variation in response patterns across MDBs. The analysis shows that lending to the private sector as well as being predominantly owned by borrowing members increase MDBs' emphasis on the financial at the expense of the development nature. Thereby, this Element provides unique insights into MDBs' responses to their dual nature and significantly advances our understanding of MDB lending operations, drawing attention to the complexities involved in the unique MDB business model.

Page 70 of 121