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2605 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 71 of 131

The Crossings

The Crossings
  • Defining Slave to the Rhythm
  • Jeremy J. Wells
  • Published online:
    26 October 2023
    Print publication:
    23 November 2023
  • The album Slave to the Rhythm is typical of the exaltation of pop stars but atypical in its presentation and interaction with biographical material. Three crossings are considered in this assessment of the work: technological, cultural, and structural. These are presented with a detailed track-by-track analysis using a range of signal processing techniques, some adapted specifically for this project. This Element focuses on the combination of digital, novel, and analogue technology that was used, and the organisational and transformational treatments of recorded material it offered, along with their associated musical cultures. The way in which studio technology functions, and offers interaction with its users, has a direct influence over the sound of the music that is created with it. To understand how that influence is manifested in Slave, there is considerable focus on the development and use of music technology.
The Challenges of On-Call Neurosurgery

The Challenges of On-Call Neurosurgery
  • Abteen Mostofi, Marco Lee, Nihal Gurusinghe
  • Published online:
    23 October 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
  • On-call neurosurgery concerns practice related to urgent and emergency neurosurgical care including outside of 'normal' working hours. Being on-call involves many competing responsibilities and is regarded as one of the most demanding aspects of a neurosurgical career. The on-call work pattern has evolved over the past decade due to changes in demographics, technology and working practices, each of which have brought new and emerging challenges. These challenges aside, the on-call provides a unique and rewarding environment to make a meaningful difference to patients and to learn the science and art of neurosurgery. Success in on-call work requires not only good technical knowledge and application but also a wide variety of non-technical skills. These skills will help deal with some of the difficult situations neurosurgeons in training face when on-call to make the experience more manageable and educational.
Complexity in the Phonology of Tone

Complexity in the Phonology of Tone
  • Lian-Hee Wee, Mingxing Li
  • Published online:
    21 October 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
  • The complexity of tone can only be appreciated through phonological patterning that unveils structures beyond differences in pitch heights and contour profiles. Following an introduction on tone's ability to express lexical and grammatical contrasts, Section 2 explains that phonetically, fundamental frequency profiles make for the best descriptors. From these descriptions, Section 3 explains how, through postulations of subatomic entities that comprise tones, a language's tone inventory can be quite symmetrical. In looking at tone's independence from the syllable and segments, Section 4 establishes tone as an autosegment. Sections 5, 6, and 7 go on to discuss a myriad of complexities where tones interact with one another and with other phonological entities. Here, the authors offer a suggestion on how some of these interactions can be captured within the same analytical umbrella. Section 8 then peeks into tone's phonological properties through music and poetry.
A Green and Just Recovery from COVID-19?

A Green and Just Recovery from COVID-19?
  • Government Investment in the Energy Transition during the Pandemic
  • Kyla Tienhaara, Tom Moerenhout, Vanessa Corkal, Joachim Roth, Hannah Ascough, Jessica Herrera Betancur, Samantha Hussman, Jessica Oliver, Kabir Shahani, Tianna Tischbein
  • Published online:
    20 October 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
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  • Stimulus spending to address the economic crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to either facilitate the transition away from fossil energy or to lock in carbon-intensive technologies and infrastructure for decades to come. Whether they are focused on green sectors or not, stimulus measures can alleviate or reinforce socio-economic inequality. This Element delves into the data in the Energy Policy Tracker to assess the extent to which energy policies adopted during the pandemic will expedite decarbonization and explores whether governments address inequities through policies targeted to disadvantaged, marginalized and underserved individuals and communities. The overall finding is that the recovery has not been sufficiently green or just. Nevertheless, a small number of policies aim to advance distributive justice and provide potential models for policymakers as they continue to attempt to 'build back better'. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning

Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning
  • Claire Hansen
  • Published online:
    20 October 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023
  • Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning explores the potential of place for enriching Shakespeare pedagogy. Positioning place as a complex, multiperspectival phenomenon with stories and voices of its own, this Element considers place a partner in the learning process. The opening section traces the development of place-based education, culminating in a conceptual framework for use in Shakespeare pedagogy. Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning then examines how regional Australian students understand place in the Shakespeare classroom and presents a new definition of place designed for literary studies. This Element also investigates the challenges and potential of outdoor Shakespeare education through a case study of outdoor theatre workshops. Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning culminates with a pedagogical model and practical activities. This model aims to develop a learner's sense of place in two ways: through deepening their authentic engagement with and knowledge of Shakespeare's texts, and by expanding critical awareness of their environmental responsibilities.
The Behavioral Economics and Politics of Global Warming

The Behavioral Economics and Politics of Global Warming
  • Unsettling Behaviors
  • Hersh Shefrin
  • Published online:
    19 October 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
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  • The main goal of this Element is to provide a psychological explanation for why actual global climate policy is so greatly at odds with the prescriptions of most neoclassical economists. To be sure, the behavioral approach does focus on why neoclassical models are often psychologically unrealistic. However, in this Element the author argues that the unrealistic elements are minor compared to the psychological pitfalls driving politically determined climate policy. Why this is the case is what the author describes as the 'big behavioral question.' More precisely, the big behavioral question asks about unsettling behaviors, why there is a huge gap between actual policy and even the weakest of the prescriptions in the range of plausible recommendations coming from neoclassical economists' integrated assessment models. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Causal Factor Investing

Causal Factor Investing
  • Can Factor Investing Become Scientific?
  • Marcos M. López de Prado
  • Published online:
    12 October 2023
    Print publication:
    09 November 2023
    • Element
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  • Virtually all journal articles in the factor investing literature make associational claims, in denial of the causal content of factor models. Authors do not identify the causal graph consistent with the observed phenomenon, they justify their chosen model specification in terms of correlations, and they do not propose experiments for falsifying causal mechanisms. Absent a causal theory, their findings are likely false, due to rampant backtest overfitting and incorrect specification choices. This Element differentiates between type-A and type-B spurious claims, and explains how both types prevent factor investing from advancing beyond its current phenomenological stage. It analyzes the current state of causal confusion in the factor investing literature, and proposes solutions with the potential to transform factor investing into a truly scientific discipline. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Mendelssohn and the Genesis of the Protestant A Cappella Movement

Mendelssohn and the Genesis of the Protestant A Cappella Movement
  • Siegwart Reichwald
  • Published online:
    10 October 2023
    Print publication:
    09 November 2023
  • Drawing on his experiences in Berlin under Schleiermacher and his travels to the Vatican, Mendelssohn, as the Director of Prussian Church Music, wanted to offer an edifying worship experience where large-scale choral works would become an indispensable part of the liturgy, which he saw as a performative or representational act, centered around the life of Christ. Yet he quickly realized that the court and clergy were not interested in his foundational concepts; they merely wanted reforms based on the restauration ideals espoused by Winterfeld and Thibaut. Analyses of his 25 Domchor compositions and their revisions in this Element chronicle Mendelssohn's stylistic development and his ability to continue to offer a Christological worship experience within strictly prescribed parameters. The Berlin Domchor and its new repertoire by Mendelssohn and contemporaneous composers quickly became the model for the emerging a cappella movement throughout Protestant Germany.
Taboo in Sign Languages

Taboo in Sign Languages
  • Donna Jo Napoli, Jami Fisher, Gene Mirus
  • Published online:
    05 October 2023
    Print publication:
    26 October 2023
  • Taboo topics in deaf communities include the usual ones found in spoken languages, as well as ones particular to deaf experiences, both in how deaf people relate to hearing people and how deaf people interact with other deaf people. Attention to these topics can help linguists understand better the consequences of field method choices and lead them to adopt better ones. Taboo expressions in American Sign Language are innovative regarding the linguistic structures they play with. This creativity is evident across the grammar in non-taboo expressions, but seems to revel in profane ones. When it comes to the syntax, however, certain types of structures occur in taboo expressions that are all but absent elsewhere, showing grammatical possibilities that might have gone unnoticed without attention to taboo. Taboo expressions are innovative, as well, in how they respond to changing culture, where lexical items that are incoherent with community sensibilities are 'corrected'.
Affective Bodily Awareness

Affective Bodily Awareness
  • Frédérique de Vignemont
  • Published online:
    28 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023
    • Element
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  • Most accounts of bodily self-awareness focus on its sensory and agentive dimensions, tracking the origins of our special relationship with our own body in the way we gain information about it and in the way we act with it. However, they often neglect a fundamental dimension of our subjective bodily life, namely, its affective dimension. This Element will discuss bodily self-awareness through the filter of its affective significance. It is organized around four core themes: (i) the relationship between bodily awareness and action in instrumental and protective contexts, (ii) the motivational role of pain and interoception, (iii) the sense of bodily ownership and its relation to the value of the body for survival, and (iv) bodily anchoring in peripersonal and egocentric awareness. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Moral Prerequisites of the Criminal Law

The Moral Prerequisites of the Criminal Law
  • Legal Moralism and the Problem of Mala Prohibita
  • Ambrose Y. K. Lee, Alexander F. Sarch
  • Published online:
    28 September 2023
    Print publication:
    19 October 2023
  • Modern states criminalise many actions that intuitively do not seem morally wrong, particularly in the context of regulating complex industries or activities. Are mala prohibita offences of this kind fundamentally mistaken? Many criminal law scholars have thought so and argued that conduct must be morally wrong to be legitimately criminalised. This Element examines the longstanding debates about whether this idea is right, and what we would lose if we either abandoned the criminal law's close connection to morality or our use of the very useful tool of mala prohibita crimes. This Element argues that there are a range of promising arguments for reconciling mala prohibita offences with the wrongness constraint on criminalisation. Thus, it seeks to shed light on the aims of the criminal law and the moral prerequisites for legitimate criminalisation.
What Placebos Teach Us about Health and Care

What Placebos Teach Us about Health and Care
  • A Philosopher Pops a Pill
  • Dien Ho
  • Published online:
    26 September 2023
    Print publication:
    14 December 2023
  • Placebo effects raise some fundamental questions concerning the nature of clinical and medical research. This Element begins with an overview of the different roles placebos play, followed by a survey of significant studies and dominant views about placebo mechanisms. It then critically examines the concept of placebo and offers a new definition that avoids the pitfalls of other attempts. The main philosophical lesson is that background medical theories provide the ontology for clinical and medical research. Because these theories often contain incoherent and arbitrary classifications, the concept of placebo inherits the same messiness. The Element concludes by highlighting some impending challenges for placebo studies.
Formal Ontology

Formal Ontology
  • Jani Hakkarainen, Markku Keinänen
  • Published online:
    21 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023
    • Element
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  • Formal ontology as a main branch of metaphysics investigates categories of being. In the formal ontological approach to metaphysics, these ontological categories are analysed by ontological forms. This analysis, which the Element illustrates by some category systems, provides a tool to assess the clarity, exactness and intelligibility of different category systems or formal ontologies. It discusses critically different accounts of ontological form in the literature. Of ontological form, the authors propose a character-neutral relational account. In this metatheory, ontological forms of entities are their standings in internal relations whose holding is neutral on the character of their relata. These relations are 'formal ontological relations'. The Element concludes by showing that our metatheory is useful for understanding categorial fundamentality/non-fundamentality, different formal ontologies, and for unifying metaphysical questions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Insufferable: Beckett, Gender and Sexuality

Insufferable: Beckett, Gender and Sexuality
  • Daniela Caselli
  • Published online:
    21 September 2023
    Print publication:
    19 October 2023
  • Insufferable: Beckett, Gender and Sexuality rethinks the role of gender politics in the oeuvre, demonstrates Beckett's historical importance in the development of the 'antisocial thesis' in queer theory, and shows the work's attachment to sexuality as temporarily consolatory but ultimately unbearable. The Beckett oeuvre might seem unpromising material for gender and sexuality studies, but this is exactly what makes it worth considering. This Element brings to Beckett questions that have emerged from gender, queer, and trans theory, engages with the history of feminism and sexuality studies, and develops a theoretical framework able to account for what we have previously overlooked, underplayed, and misinterpreted in Beckett. In the spirit of being 'on the lookout for an elsewhere', it makes a case for a queerly generative de-idealisation of Beckett as an object of critical study.
Environmental Politics in East Asia

Environmental Politics in East Asia
  • Mary Alice Haddad
  • Published online:
    21 September 2023
    Print publication:
    21 December 2023
  • Once viewed as an environmental hazard to the planet, East Asia is now at the forefront of pro-environmental policymaking. The region's progress has been both remarkable and surprising given the pro-business orientation of its political systems and their ideological diversity. Through a focus on three environmental policy areas exhibiting different levels of success, this Element shows how governments in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan have been able to craft pro-environmental policy by working in collaboration with business and societal interests. The evolution of the region's eco-developmental states has resulted in exceptional progress in the areas of green technology and green finance, mixed outcomes in pollution management, and negligible improvement in addressing environmental justice. As the planet seeks guidance in addressing our collective climate crisis, East Asia offers both hope and caution for how we can craft pro-environmental policies in diverse political contexts.
Shared Listenings

Shared Listenings
  • Methods for Transcultural Musicianship and Research
  • Stefan Östersjö, Nguyễn Thanh Thủy, David G. Hebert, Henrik Frisk
  • Published online:
    20 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023
  • This Element demonstrates how a combination of stimulated recall and collaborative autoethnographic strategies can be applied to artistic and scholarly work at the intersection of ethnomusicology and practice-led-research. The authors relate recently collected material from fieldwork in Vietnam to the long-term method development within the Vietnamese/Swedish group The Six Tones, of which three authors are the founding members. The discussion centers around the inter-subjective forms of stimulated recall analysis, developed through the creative work of this innovative intercultural music ensemble. The aim of this Element is to create a decolonized methodology—for both music performance and research—and it provides a detailed account of this method development starting in 2006. Furthermore, the authors discuss how this practice was successfully shared with three master performers in the south of Vietnam as part of a collaborative project in 2018–2019.
Citizens Under Compulsory Voting: A Three-Country Study

Citizens Under Compulsory Voting: A Three-Country Study
  • Ruth Dassonneville, Thiago Barbosa, André Blais, Ian McAllister, Mathieu Turgeon
  • Published online:
    19 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023
  • A burgeoning literature studies compulsory voting and its effects on turnout, but we know very little about how compulsory voting works in practice. In this Element, the authors fill this gap by providing an in-depth discussion of compulsory voting rules and their enforcement in Australia, Belgium, and Brazil. By analysing comparable public opinion data from these three countries, they shed light on citizens' attitudes toward compulsory voting. The Element examines citizens' perceptions, their knowledge of the system, and whether they support it. The authors connect this with information on citizens' reported turnout and vote choice to assess who is affected by mandatory voting and why. The work clarifies that there is no single system of compulsory voting. Each country has its own set of rules, and most voters are unaware of how they are enforced.
Multilingualism in Early Medieval Britain

Multilingualism in Early Medieval Britain
  • Lindy Brady
  • Published online:
    19 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023
  • In the words of its own historians, pre-Norman Britain held five languages and four peoples. Yet in modern scholarship, Old English is too often studied separately from the other languages that surrounded it. This Element offers a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence from the pre-Norman period that situates Old English as one of several living languages that together formed the basis of a vibrant oral and written literary culture in early medieval Britain. Each section centres around a key thematic topic and is illustrated through a series of memorable case studies that encapsulate the extent to which multilingualism appeared in every facet of life in early medieval Britain: religious and scholarly; political and military; economic and cultural; intellectual and artistic. The Element makes an overall argument for the dynamic extent of transcultural literary and linguistic culture in early medieval Britain before the arrival of the Normans.
Scientific Progress

Scientific Progress
  • Darrell P. Rowbottom
  • Published online:
    18 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023
  • What constitutes cognitive scientific progress? This Element begins with an extensive survey of the contemporary debate on how to answer this question. It provides a blow-by-blow critical summary of the key literature on the issue over the past fifteen years, covering the central positions and arguments therein. It also draws upon older literature, where appropriate, to inform the treatment. The Element then enters novel territory by considering meta-normative issues concerning scientific progress. It focuses on how the standards involved in assessing progress arise. Does science have aims, which determine what counts as progress, as many authors assume? If so, what is it to be an aim of science? And how does one identify such things? If not, how do normative standards arise? After arguing that science does not have overarching aims, the Element proposes that the standards are ultimately subjective.
Online Child Sexual Grooming Discourse

Online Child Sexual Grooming Discourse
  • Nuria Lorenzo-Dus, Craig Evans, Ruth Mullineux-Morgan
  • Published online:
    18 September 2023
    Print publication:
    19 October 2023
  • This Element examines technology-assisted grooming of children for sex – henceforth, online grooming – as an illegal practice of communicative manipulation and, as such, something that research within the academic field of forensic linguistics is ideally placed to help counter. The analysis draws upon online grooming datasets of different sizes and provenance, including from law enforcement, and deploys different analytic techniques from primarily discourse analysis. Three features of online grooming discourse are focussed on: groomers' use of manipulation tactics; groomers' abuse of power asymmetries; and children's communication during online grooming. The Element also discusses ways in which findings derived from richly contextualised analysis of online grooming discourse can – when combined with co-creation projects involving child-safeguarding groups, children and lived-experience experts – add considerable value to societal efforts to counter online grooming and other forms of online child sexual exploitation and abuse.

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