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2232 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 11 of 112

Literary Exophonic Translation

Literary Exophonic Translation
  • Lúcia Collischonn
  • Published online:
    23 May 2025
    Print publication:
    12 June 2025
  • This Element explores literary translation into a non-native language (L2 translation), investigating how it has been regarded by translation studies, particularly in the anglophone context. L1 directionality (into the translator's L1) remains the norm in the literary translation world, reflecting a systemic bias against the multilingual subject and towards the monolingual. In a post-monolingual paradigm, the notion of a mother tongue has become increasingly problematic. What are the implications of this for directionality in translation? Studies on L2 translation still focus on and privilege the native speaker. Applying the notion of exophony (i.e., writing in a foreign language) to translation (in what is termed exophonic translation), this Element draws on insights from sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, translation history, and translator studies to lay the groundwork in advocating for an exophonic, multilingual turn in translation studies. To what extent can this change the way L2 translation is approached and studied?
Popper, Philosophy and Faith

Popper, Philosophy and Faith
  • Anthony O'Hear
  • Published online:
    23 May 2025
    Print publication:
    12 June 2025
  • This Element aims to make good an imbalance in scholarly work on the thought of Karl Popper. Towards the end of his life he developed a dualistic view of the self, and connected to it, a model of reality consisting of three worlds: first the inorganic world; a second level domain of consciousness; and a third world of ideas, institutions and concepts. This third world develops beyond the ideas and understanding of its human inventors. The implications of these later developments has not been fully considered, nor has his idea that his critical rationalism rests on an irrational faith. These are considered against the context of his more famous work on science and the open society. Popper saw his late work in quasi-Platonic terms, and the similarities and differences here are explored. Does Popper's work as a whole tend in an unfulfiled Platonic direction or need a religious foundation?
Toward an Abolitionist Human Rights Court

Toward an Abolitionist Human Rights Court
  • Rethinking Responses to Gendered and Racialized Violence
  • Karen Engle
  • Published online:
    22 May 2025
    Print publication:
    03 July 2025
  • Contemporary international human rights law increasingly obligates states to heighten their criminalization of certain human rights violations, including gendered, racialized, and homophobic violence. This Element uses prison and police abolitionist thought to challenge this trend. It focuses on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), arguing that the Court's reliance on punishment and policing threatens to undo earlier European approaches to criminal law and human rights that resonate with abolitionist thought. It also contends that the criminalization approach provides the Court with an alibi for not recognizing or attending to the deeply structural racialized, colonial, sexual, gendered, and homophobic violence in Europe, particularly but not only against Roma communities and Black and Muslim migrants. Encouraging human rights advocates and judges to take seriously prison and police abolition in Europe and elsewhere, the Element calls for the ECtHR to pave the way for an abolitionist-oriented turn among human rights courts.
Patient with Acute Thoracic Myelopathy due to Degenerative Disease

Patient with Acute Thoracic Myelopathy due to Degenerative Disease
  • James M. W. Robins, Deb Pal
  • Published online:
    20 May 2025
    Print publication:
    19 June 2025
  • Whilst thoracic myelopathy secondary to degenerative disease is relatively uncommon, left untreated it carries significant morbidity. It is thus of critical importance that patients are correctly diagnosed and managed expediently and effectively. Unfortunately, the management of thoracic myelopathy can be challenging, not least due to the technical difficulty accessing the site of compression and indeed optimum management is also debated. In this Element the authors present background, clinical features, diagnosis, and pitfalls and then a handy management algorithm for this critical neurosurgical condition.
The Rebirth of Satire in Revivals of European Operettas

The Rebirth of Satire in Revivals of European Operettas
  • Lisa Feurzeig
  • Published online:
    20 May 2025
    Print publication:
    19 June 2025
  • Since 1997, revivals have moved operetta away from the nostalgic performance style of the mid twentieth century, returning to its original satirical spirit grounded in ironic mockery of political and social norms and institutions. This Element compares productions of Offenbach's Belle Hélène and Kálmán's Herzogin von Chicago, considering their choices with regard to plot, text, performance style, music, and costumes and sets. In every case, there is some reinterpretation involved. Satire of times, places, and current politics can be found. Some versions tweak the original while others expand and alter it in a full Regietheater approach, often influenced by a postmodern aesthetic. Directors and performers perceive an opportunity to recreate the central experience of operetta – but is that defined as the original text, Dionysian pleasure, or absurdist theater? The genre lives on mostly through creative approaches to revival.
Amplifying Extremism

Amplifying Extremism
  • Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism
  • Nik Usher, Jessica C. Hagman
  • Published online:
    19 May 2025
    Print publication:
    12 June 2025
  • Within a week, a no-name Republican state representative from a town of 384 people in Illinois catapulted from obscurity to a prime-time appearance on Fox News' Ingraham Angle. This newly empowered politician, Darren Bailey, would go on to steer the pro-business Republican party in Illinois toward extremism. Democratic backsliding emerges across all levels of politics, but the threats posed by small-town politicians have been overshadowed by national-level politicians. This microstudy of a single politician's debut in the public eye showcases a novel approach to media corpus construction that combines proprietary and open databases, aggregated search tools, and targeted searching, and includes local, regional, and national news across digital-first, radio, news publishers, broadcast and cable television, and social media. The Element provides unique insights into how American journalism creates space for small-town extremists to gain power, especially given declines in local news.
Elitism versus Populism

Elitism versus Populism
  • Experiments on the Dual Threat to American Democracy
  • Curtis Bram
  • Published online:
    19 May 2025
    Print publication:
    12 June 2025
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  • Critics of populism and advocates of elitist democracy often place greater confidence in political elites than in the general public. However, this trust may be misplaced. In five experiments with local politicians, state legislators, and members of the public, the author finds a similar willingness across all groups to entrench their party's power when given the opportunity – a self-serving majoritarianism that transcends partisan lines. This tendency is strongest among committed ideologues, politicians running in highly competitive districts, and those who perceive opponents as especially threatening. Local elected officials even appear more focused on securing their party's next presidential victory than on opposing bans against their political rivals. These findings challenge the conventional mass/elite dichotomy, revealing little differences in undemocratic attitudes. Safeguarding democracy likely requires shifting focus from those individual attitudes to strengthening institutional restraints against majority abuses. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Protest and Policy in the Iraq, Nuclear Freeze and Vietnam Peace Movements

Protest and Policy in the Iraq, Nuclear Freeze and Vietnam Peace Movements
  • David Cortright
  • Published online:
    19 May 2025
    Print publication:
    19 June 2025
  • This Element addresses questions about social movement effectiveness and the strategies and methods that are most likely to achieve policy change. It examines the nature of peace movements through a comparative analysis of three major movements, focusing on their policy impacts. It assesses social movement dynamics and the mechanisms through which movements gain influence. The purpose is to mine campaign experiences from the past to develop action guidelines for more effective citizen activism against war and nuclear weapons in the future. The Element examines non-institutional and institutional forms of politics and the relationship between the two, and how they can be mutually reinforcing. It traces examples of inside-outside approaches within the three peace movements and their effects. Lessons from the analysis and case studies are applied in the final section to proposals for a new global freeze movement to stop the emerging international arms race.
The Meaning of Constructions

The Meaning of Constructions
  • Benoît Leclercq, Cameron Morin
  • Published online:
    16 May 2025
    Print publication:
    22 May 2025
  • This Element offers a primer for the study of meaning in a Construction Grammar approach. It reviews the main principles of meaning shared across constructionist frameworks, including its ubiquity in grammatical structure, its usage-based formation, and its nature as the output of cognitive representations. It also reviews the importance given to meaning in construction-based explanations of sentence composition, innovative language use, and language change. Paradoxically, the Element shows that there is no systematic framework delineating the rich structure of constructional meaning, which has led to theoretical disagreements and inconsistencies. It therefore proposes an operational model of meaning for practitioners of Construction Grammar. It details the characteristics of a complex interface of semantic, pragmatic, and social meaning, and shows how this framework sheds light on recent theoretical issues. The Element concludes by considering ways in which this framework can be used for future descriptive and theoretical research questions.
Data-driven Learning in and out of the Language Classroom

Data-driven Learning in and out of the Language Classroom
  • Pascual Pérez-Paredes, Alex Boulton
  • Published online:
    16 May 2025
    Print publication:
    12 June 2025
  • Data-Driven Learning (DDL) can be broadly defined as the use of corpus tools and techniques for learners and teachers of foreign or second language, typically in the form of concordances derived from authentic texts for inductive learning of lexicogrammar. This Element is a practical guide for language teachers and graduate students intending to explore or upgrade their use of corpora in the language classroom and beyond. In today's context, where advances in computing and information processing dominate our social and professional interactions, the use of corpora emerges as a prime resource with which to approach data-driven language learning and teaching, developing language awareness, noticing skills and critical thinking for learning that generative AI cannot do for you.
Poverty in Latin America

Poverty in Latin America
  • Feelings/Perceptions vs Material Conditions
  • Verónica Amarante, Maira Colacce, Federico Scalese
  • Published online:
    15 May 2025
    Print publication:
    12 June 2025
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  • This Element derives subjective poverty lines for seven Latin American countries based on a Minimum Income Question included in household expenditure surveys. It compares poverty incidence under the subjective and objective approach, finding subjective poverty is larger than objective for all countries. People identified as poor are generally poor by both measures or only subjective poor, although patterns of overlapping differ between countries. It explores the factors associated to considering oneself as poor - being subjectively poor- when the per capita household income is higher than the objective poverty line. Generally, unemployment and informality are associated with higher probability of subjective poverty. Other factors not directly involving income but reflecting high economic security also tend to reduce the probability of feeling poor. Finally, the welfare stigma effect does not seem to hold, at least in terms of subjective poverty. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
C. S. Lewis on the Soul, God, and Christianity

C. S. Lewis on the Soul, God, and Christianity
  • Stewart Goetz
  • Published online:
    12 May 2025
    Print publication:
    05 June 2025
  • C. S. Lewis was an adamant atheist when he entered Oxford University as a student in 1917. By 1931, he was an Oxford don and a Christian. Lewis was someone who did not think highly of climates of opinion, and in his book The Problem of Pain he warned against uncritically going along with them: 'I take a very low view of 'climates of opinion'. In his own subject every man knows that all discoveries are made and all errors corrected by those who ignore the 'climate of opinion'.' A climate of opinion exists today that either intentionally or unintentionally disenchants or debunks C. S. Lewis. In this Element, the author explains Lewis' belief in the existence of the soul and how it related to his conviction that happiness consists of experiences of pleasure and is the purpose of life, God exists, and Christianity is true.
Types and the Structure of Meaning

Types and the Structure of Meaning
  • Issues in Compositional and Lexical Semantics
  • Stergios Chatzikyriakidis, Robin Cooper, Eleni Gregoromichelaki, Peter Sutton
  • Published online:
    12 May 2025
    Print publication:
    05 June 2025
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  • Addresses the role of structure in semantic analysis from the perspective of theories of meaning using rich theories of types. Also relates the theory of frames to these type theories as introducing, to some extent, similar structure into semantic analysis. The authors show how a structured approach is necessary to appropriately analyse phenomena in areas as diverse as lexical semantics and the semantics of attitudinal constructions referring to psychological states. In particular, these are: polysemy taken together with copredication, and attitudes such as belief and knowledge. The authors argue that the very same structure required to define a rich system of types enables them to adequately analyse both of these phenomena, thus revealing similarities in two otherwise apparently unrelated topics in semantics. They also argue that such theories facilitate a semantic theory oriented towards a psychological and contextually situated view of meaning. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Egeria

Egeria
  • Theological and Ecclesial Knowledge Between Eastern and Western Traditions
  • Anni Maria Laato
  • Published online:
    12 May 2025
    Print publication:
    05 June 2025
  • Egeria's Itinerarium is a unique document. It is one of the few surviving works from antiquity written by a woman and is one of the first Christian travelogues depicting a pilgrimage to and in the Holy Land. In her Itinerarium, Egeria describes not only her travels but also the practices of pilgrimage and the liturgical life in Jerusalem at a time when both of these were developing rapidly. As Egeria's explicit goal is to communicate her observations and thoughts to her friends, a community of women in the west, this study focusses on Egeria's role as a communicator. Both the contents of her text – what she wanted to communicate and the techniques she used to mediate her experiences and learning to her friends, that is, how she chose to communicate, are scrutinized. Special attention is given to how Egeria describes lived religion in antiquity.
Science Fiction and Christian Theology

Science Fiction and Christian Theology
  • Victoria Lorrimar
  • Published online:
    06 May 2025
    Print publication:
    29 May 2025
  • Theologians often struggle to engage with scientific and technological proposals meaningfully in our contemporary context. This Element provides an introduction to the use of science fiction as a conversation partner for theological reflection, arguing that it shifts the science – religion dialogue away from propositional discourse in a more fruitful and imaginative direction. Science fiction is presented as a mediator between theological and scientific disciplines and worldviews in the context of recent methodological debates. Several sections provide examples of theological engagement in relation to the themes of embodiment, human uniqueness, disability and economic inequalities, exploring relevant technologies such as mind-uploading, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality in dialogue with select works of science fiction. A final section considers the pragmatic challenge of progress in the real world towards the more utopian futures presented in science fiction.
Teaching Early Global Literatures and Cultures

Teaching Early Global Literatures and Cultures
  • Geraldine Heng
  • Published online:
    05 May 2025
    Print publication:
    29 May 2025
  • Teaching Early Global Literatures and Cultures is a guide to the terra incognita of the global literature classroom. It begins with a framing rationale for why it is valuable to teach early global literatures today; critically surveys the issues involved in such teaching; supplies details of some two dozen texts from which to build a possible syllabus; adds a comprehensive bibliography, and suggestions for student research and student involvement in co-creating course content; and furnishes detailed guidelines for how to teach some 10 texts. It should be possible for faculty and graduate instructors to take this Element and begin teaching its sample syllabus right away.
The Political Economy of China's Imperial Examination System

The Political Economy of China's Imperial Examination System
  • Erik H. Wang, Clair Z. Yang
  • Published online:
    05 May 2025
    Print publication:
    29 May 2025
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  • Just as councils and assemblies were central to European polities for centuries, the Imperial Examination System (Keju) constituted the cornerstone of state institutions in China. This Element argues that Keju contributed to political stability, and its emergence was a process, not a shock, with consequences initially unanticipated by its contemporaries. The Element documents the emergence of Keju using evidence from early Chinese empires to the end of the Tang Dynasty in the 10th century, including epitaphs and government documents. It then traces the selection criteria of Keju and trends in social mobility over the second millennium, leveraging biographical information from over 70,000 examinees and 1,500 ministers and their descendants. The Element uses a panel of 112 historical polities to quantify Keju's association with country-level political indicators against the backdrop of global convergence in political stability and divergence in institutions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Evolutionary Price Theory

Evolutionary Price Theory
  • Harry Bloch
  • Published online:
    05 May 2025
    Print publication:
    08 May 2025
  • Economic evolution involves structural change from within, so evolutionary price theory needs to address how prices facilitate and accommodate this structural change and how structural change in turn impacts on prices. Such analysis is impossible using neoclassical price theory in which endowments of inputs, production technology and consumer preferences are all treated as exogenously determined and the future is known or at least its probability distribution is known. An alternative theory of price determination outlined in this book is compatible with structural change from within and an unknown future. The theory employs an open-system ontology and a micro-meso-macro methodology. Prices have a dual informational role in evolutionary economics. As well as coordinating ongoing production and consumption activities, prices provide information to guide potential entrepreneurs and their financiers in evaluating the profitability of innovations. The latter role can substantially disrupt the order created in the former role.
Asymmetric Warfare

Asymmetric Warfare
  • Politics and Cultures of Violence in the Modern Era
  • Jacob Hagstrom
  • Published online:
    05 May 2025
    Print publication:
    08 May 2025
  • The forces that fight asymmetric wars are so distinct that one side avoids direct military confrontation in favor of political, social, or otherwise unorthodox means of resistance. These conflicts have been a mainstay of modern times, though scholars have often separated them into various designations by era. Observers have referred, in chronological order, to Indian warfare, petite guerre (small war), guerrilla warfare, irregular or revolutionary war, and terrorism. The proliferation of labels over time has obscured the continuity of asymmetric wars throughout modernity. Stark distinctions in resources and capabilities have shaped the reasons why states and societies have decided to fight, and the manner in which they have fought. Across the modern era, mismatches arose in the domains of technology, intelligence production, and law. But in recent decades, so-called weak powers have neutralized many of the typical advantages of strong military states.
Diversification in the World of Data and AI

Diversification in the World of Data and AI
  • Gianvito Lanzolla, Constantinos Markides
  • Published online:
    05 May 2025
    Print publication:
    04 September 2025
  • The datafication of digital reality and the diffusion of increasingly powerful AI systems have transformed the context within which diversification takes place, resulting in new realities for firms and necessitating new organizational capabilities. Building on their own field research and the existing literature on digitalization and diversification, the authors show how external technological and market changes influence the extent and type of diversification that firms can undertake. They argue that to succeed with digital diversification, new capabilities are needed and that these capabilities are not distributed evenly across firms. Only firms that possess these capabilities will undertake more diversification, with all other firms remaining focused. The authors finally argue that the necessary structures and the appropriate management of business units will differ from those used in the past because the digital context has brought to the fore new problems and risks for diversified firms. These are explored in this Element.

Page 11 of 112