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The psychological reality of English phonaesthemes is demonstrated through a priming experiment with native speakers of American English. Phonaesthemes are well-represented sound-meaning pairings, such as English gl-, which occurs in numerous words with meanings relating to light and vision. In the experiment, phonaesthemes, despite being noncompositional in nature, displayed priming effects much like those that have been reported for compositional morphemes. These effects could not be explained as the result of semantic or phonological priming, either alone or in combination. The results support a view of the lexicon in which shared form and meaning across words is a key factor in their relatedness, and in which morphological composition is not required for internal word structure to play a role in language processing.
Among little-known fragments of sacramentaries, two examples in insular half uncial in German libraries offer us significant evidence of the activities of early English missionaries and scribes. The first has long been known in German as the Sacramentary of Boniface, and its unique and archaic content shows it is among the only surviving evidence of liturgical practice in England itself in the eighth century. The second, in scattered fragments from the monastery of Groß Sankt Martin in Cologne, offers an important witness of the Gelasian of the eighth century (as distinct from the Old Gelasian Sacramentary), a compilation exclusively known on the Continent. Liturgical evidence offers a framework to go beyond the uncertain attempts to date and localize the particularly conservative script of these fragments. Analysis of their content shows how English scribes made a decisive input to the transformations of the continent’s liturgy and the dissemination of new forms of mass book.