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According to the PRONOMINAL ARGUMENT HYPOTHESIS, the characteristic features of many so-called nonconfigurational languages may be accounted for on the assumption that affixes of verbs or auxiliaries in such languages either function as syntactic arguments or identify null pronouns that fill this role. Overt NPs then stand as adjuncts to clauses that are formally complete without them. Several studies have proposed analyses of Algonquian languages that incorporate versions of this hypothesis. This article explores data from several areas of the morphology and syntax of the Eastern Algonquian language Maliseet-Passamaquoddy that suggest that it is not such a pronominal argument language.
Transcatheter completion of the extracardiac Fontan provides a minimally invasive option for selected children with single-ventricle physiology who have undergone staged preparation at the time of the bidirectional cavopulmonary connection.
Methods:
We performed a retrospective single-centre review of consecutive patients treated between 2022 and 2025. Candidate selection, cross-sectional imaging, diagnostic catheterisation, procedural steps, early recovery, and follow-up outcomes were collected.
Results:
Five patients underwent transcatheter completion at a median age of 7 years (range 4–17). The interval between the preparatory operation and catheter procedure was 7 months (range 6–9). Median procedure time was 140 minutes (range 120–180). The ICU stay was 2 days (range 1–3), and the total hospital stay was 5 days (range 4–6). Minimal pleural effusions occurred in four patients, none requiring drainage. At a median follow-up of 28 months (range 4–36), all patients were clinically stable; resting oxygen saturation was 96% (range 94% to 97%). One late-presenting patient had biochemical evidence consistent with protein-losing enteropathy but remained asymptomatic without targeted therapy. No thromboembolic events occurred.
Conclusions:
In a programme that couples surgical preparation with later catheter-based completion, the extracardiac Fontan can be performed safely and effectively in carefully selected candidates, with rapid recovery and stable mid-term clinical status. Larger studies are needed to define long-term outcomes and comparative effectiveness versus surgical completion.
The psychological reality of English phonaesthemes is demonstrated through a priming experiment with native speakers of American English. Phonaesthemes are well-represented sound-meaning pairings, such as English gl-, which occurs in numerous words with meanings relating to light and vision. In the experiment, phonaesthemes, despite being noncompositional in nature, displayed priming effects much like those that have been reported for compositional morphemes. These effects could not be explained as the result of semantic or phonological priming, either alone or in combination. The results support a view of the lexicon in which shared form and meaning across words is a key factor in their relatedness, and in which morphological composition is not required for internal word structure to play a role in language processing.