This study relies on the prevalence of certain structures that largely distinguish the creation and reception of music from that of language – namely, temporal grids, scalar grids, and segments with their repetitions – to construct a model of the human cognitive faculty for music that allows humans to make music the way they do. The study draws on research and thought in philosophy (including phenomenology), linguistics, psychology, and neurology, coupled with musicology, to produce a model of a human capacity to make complex comparisons between ongoing sound sequences and those simultaneously reconstructed from memory by registering the relativities within their flow. This model is then used in a consideration of how the faculty for music interacts with the faculty for language in the experience of song and a consideration of how a similar cognitive capacity for music might be identified in other species.

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is formed by complex cell biological processes in the lactating mammary epithelial cell which result in the release of the milk fat globule (MFG) into the secretory alveolus. The MFG is bounded by a continuous unit membrane (UM), separated from the MFG lipid by a thin layer of cytoplasm. This unique apocrine secretion process has been shown in all of the mammary species so far investigated. Once the MFG is released into the alveolus there is a considerable transformation of the UM with its attached cytoplasm. This is the MFGM. The transformation is stable and expressed milk shows the same transformed MFGM structure. Again, this transformation of structure is common to all mammalian species so far investigated. However, the explanation of the transformation very much depends on the method of investigation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies suggest a literal breakdown to a discontinuous UM plus cytoplasm in patches and strands, whereas more recent confocal laser scanning light microscopy (CLSM) studies indicate a separation, in a continuous UM, of two phases, one liquid ordered and the other liquid disordered. This review is designed to show that the TEM and CLSM results show different views of the same structures once certain deficiencies in techniques are factored in.

This article sheds light on the scholarly ideal of mutuality in the work of the missiologist, Frans J. Verstraelen, and the historian, Gerdien Verstraelen-Gilhuis. The couple were active in Zambia in the 1970s and devoutly Christian. Stemming from the theology of mission, mutuality refers to mutual assistance between ‘localized’ churches relating to personnel, material resources and, importantly, ideas. The ideal was posited during mission conferences and the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) in an effort to alter the relationship between former colonial metropoles and churches in newly independent countries. By highlighting different types of sources from the Verstraelen Collection, an image emerges of how the ideal of mutuality manifested itself in scholarly practices of fieldwork and knowledge dissemination. This study was inspired by Larissa Schulte Nordholt’s recent doctoral research on the drafting process of UNESCO’s General History of Africa (1964–1998). In scholarly personae and ideals she identified a useful lens through which to explore how processes of knowledge production on the African continent changed along with political decolonization.

The criminal law doctrine of “transferred malice” has been much discussed. What has gone comparatively unnoticed is the phenomenon of “recycled malice”. For example, those who endorse transferred malice would hold that, if D tries to shoot V, and the shot misses and hits T, D’s intention to hit V is “transferred” to T, and a completed offence against T is constructed. But many legal systems that endorse transferred malice also allow D to be convicted of an attempted offence against V. In other words, D’s intention to hit V can apparently be used multiple times. Once this phenomenon is noticed, a question arises over its justification and limits. This article argues that no convincing justification for recycling mens rea exists.

Miranda Fricker's definition of hermeneutical injustice entails that hermeneutical injustice is always structural and never agential, but I argue that hermeneutical injustice has an agential dimension that is evident in cases of domestic violence. This dimension becomes especially apparent when examining the experiences of knowers who are multiply nondominant. Centering this intersectional approach, I focus on domestic violence perpetrators who intentionally isolate their victims, preventing them from accessing the necessary conceptual resources to understand their experience as one of domestic violence. Recognizing the agential dimension not only has implications for our understanding of the range of harms suffered by victims of domestic violence but also invites further reflection on cases of hermeneutical injustice where the injustice is the direct result of an agent's actions or is even intentionally inflicted.

When implementing the transition from regular milk production to the dry period, drying off is mostly conducted simply by abrupt cessation of milking. Efforts to reduce milk synthesis before cessation of milking aim to reduce stress in cows as well as to lower the risk of mastitis. A previous study demonstrated that incomplete milking during the last ten days of lactation gradually reduced the milk yield of healthy, high-yielding cows. However, a reduction period of ten days might be too long for cows with lower yields. Therefore, a follow-up study was conducted on an organic dairy research farm with a lower average milk yield. We investigated whether automated incomplete milking can reduce milk synthesis within one week without impairing the health status of udder quarters infected with minor pathogens. Before drying off, 15 German-Holstein cows with 58 lactating quarters, 21 of which were infected with minor pathogens (coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) and Corynebacterium bovis), were milked twice daily using the software module AutoDry (GEA Farm Technologies) with the 5%-step-down-per-day-program. The level of udder emptying was gradually reduced over 8–10 milkings beginning at a mean milk yield of 17.2 ± 4.4 kg d−1. During the last three milkings before drying off, milking clusters were automatically removed when a milk flow rate of 0.3 kg min−1 was reached. Quarter fore-milk samples were collected at two time points (14 d before and at the date of the last milking, ie drying off) and were analysed for mastitis pathogens and somatic cell count. The gradual reduced emptying of the udder induced a clear decline in milk yield by 0.8 ± 0.3 kg d−1. Within the reduction period, the somatic cell count of quarter foremilk did not change regardless of the infection status. Furthermore, no cow suffered from clinical mastitis. Thus, a reduction in milk synthesis could be achieved within less than one week before drying off without any impairment in udder health of cows, even when infected with minor mastitis pathogens.

Offshore wind farms (OWF) are now in operation and increasingly under construction as scalable, sustainable energy sources. In fact OWFs are currently the cheapest form of new energy projects in Europe. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for OWF has fallen drastically due to decades of innovation facilitated by both taxpayer and private sector funding. This emerging industry is experiencing massive worldwide growth with the potential to accelerate the decarbonization of regional and the global economy as well as bring a reliable source of green hydrogen into commercial use, all with minimal disruption to ecosystems and impacts on biodiversity. This paper provides a historical perspective of wind energy harnessing and shows that wind turbines are the oldest, largest and one of the smartest machines. We also highlight the potential of offshore wind energy to provide new solutions to (a) meet clean energy demand for a growing world population, (b) improve energy security of nations through other downstream technologies such as production and storage of dispatchable fuel (such as green hydrogen battery storage) and (c) through supply complementarity improve resilience of nuclear power plants in high-seismic-activity areas. Offshore wind industry can also become a gold standard for future industries, and the paper provides insights into the new green economics and jobs and factories for the future. We show that environment-friendly regulation is driving innovations even further to enhance sustainability of OWF. Examples include material recycling, landfill ban on blade disposal and ecofriendly low-noise offshore construction to protect biodiversity.

Cet article analyse l’apport de l’Afrique à la matérialisation et à l’évolution du jus cogens, cet étalon normatif codifié en 1969 dans la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités. La notion de jus cogens avait trouvé une audience auprès des pays africains dès son apparition, leur permettant ainsi de dénoncer les travers de la colonisation, ainsi que le droit international y relatif. Par la suite et en raison de ses implications répressives, elle a reçu une application contrastée de la part même des États qui avaient pesé en faveur de son adoption. Cette fragile harmonie pousse à conclure que l’Afrique entretient des rapports contradictoires avec le jus cogens, ce dernier étant perçu comme attentatoire à sa souveraineté.

This article provides a re-appraisal of the land dispute between the lord of Leinster, William Marshal, and the bishop of Ferns, Ailbe Ó Máelmuaid, in the 1210s. In 1215, Ailbe petitioned the pope to solve the dispute, leading to the pronouncement of an interdict and excommunication against the Marshal. It is argued that after King John of England died and the Marshal became regent of England in 1216, the papal stance towards the land dispute changed and the Marshal enjoyed favour in Rome, thus shutting the roads to redress for the bishop of Ferns. Now the most powerful man in the Plantagenet dominions, William Marshal used his position as regent to begin the policy of English discrimination against Gaelic-born bishops for episcopal sees in Ireland. This article uses this dispute as a means of exploring Ireland's position within wider Latin Christendom against the background of the papacy's crusading agenda.

In early 2022 the UK National Archives (TNA) suddenly withdrew one of its most sensitive archival collections from public access. There was no warning, and, for a considerable time, no explanation, thus fuelling a decades-long ‘legacy of suspicion’ about the underlying motives of TNA, the Foreign Office and even the entire British government. This article traces that story using early speculations expressed by users (and potential users) of the so-called ‘Foreign and Commonwealth Office migrated archives’, information eventually provided by TNA, and an analysis of some requests submitted under the UK Freedom of Information legislation. It concludes with a discussion of a new TNA programme to open up the collection to the national archives of the countries from which the records were removed at independence.

Undoubtedly one of the most prominent and most important Russian directors of the past two decades, Yury Butusov here refers to several landmarks of his artistic trajectory, gradually revealing a sense of oeuvre, of a body of work connected by a distinctive worldview. Not all of his productions of exceptional significance are cited here, and Flight (2015), at the Vakhtangov Theatre in Moscow, not having found its rightful place here, appears separately at the end. This Conversation, while intentionally taking a wide perspective, nevertheless focuses on production details so as to foreground various artistic qualities that distinguish his approach. Butusov discusses at some length what constitutes his directorial method and methodology, stressing, above all, the primacy of creative freedom for his actors and himself from which emerge complex and highly charged theatre constructions. Butusov, who is against war as such, speaks of his position on the Russian-Ukrainian war, which led to his resignation in 2018 from the artistic directorship of the Lensoviet Theatre in St Petersburg. He became Principal Director of the Vakhtangov, alongside the acclaimed Rimas Tuminas, Artistic Director of this theatre. Tuminas resigned from his post in spring 2022. Butusov and his family left Russia for Paris, and Butusov resigned from the Vakhtangov in November 2022. His production of Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead is to be premiered at the Russian- and Lithuanian-speaking Vilnius Old Theatre in September 2023. This conversation took place on 23 March and 27 April 2023 on Zoom, and was translated from the Russian and edited by Maria Shevtsova.