Why celebrate Thomas Aquinas? Three eras that celebrated Aquinas in unique ways—the Fourteenth century that canonized him, the Sixteenth century that declared him a doctor of the Church, and the nineteenth century that made him patron of the schools—all struggled with the corrosive effects of nominalism and voluntarism on Western culture. With the help of G. K. Chesterton and C. S. Lewis, this essay suggests that these eras were drawn to Aquinas because his theology offers an antidote against these twin diseases. Specifically, Thomas Aquinas's theology can help us confront the ills of nominalism and voluntarism by encouraging us to celebrate nature, grace, and Christian apprenticeship in virtue as the perennial gifts of God's love.

In Iraq, like elsewhere in the region, cinemagoing became a popular form of leisure in the 1920s and 1930s. The emergence of permanent indoor and outdoor cinemas during this period gave rise to new consumption practices, ways of inhabiting the city, opportunities for investors and entrepreneurs, and the creation of a leisure and entertainment economy that was both modern, international, and Iraqi. In the early 1930s, three Jewish brothers, Ezra, Meʾir, and Hayyawi Sawdaʾi, began transforming their family's wealth from one based in regional trading to a modern cinema business. During the period of British colonial rule, Iraq was forcefully integrated into a global, Western dominated market economy and the brothers tried their hands at several import and local businesses before eventually finding their niche in entertainment. They rented movie theaters, built cinemas, established themselves as prime importers of foreign movies, and left a deep imprint on the Iraqi film industry.

This essay evaluates the current United Nations approach to preventing and punishing genocide by considering micro-level research on behavioral variation in genocide and proposing two ideas for intervention. The first idea extends the theory that economic inequality explains people’s decisions to kill or not kill in genocide and suggests specific economic remedies to intervene in ongoing violence. The second idea extends the theory that local authorities shape civilians’ decision making about violence and suggests specific ways to bolster moderate meso-level authorities to mitigate violence. The essay concludes by considering how social science research and theory can practically impact international law concerning genocide.

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that mast cells (MCs) contribute to the formation of mammary fibrosis. MCs are important immune regulatory and immune modulatory cells that play major roles in the inflammatory process. Since there is no detailed knowledge, this research study aimed to comparatively investigate the presence, localization, and immunophenotypes of MCs in healthy and mastitic mammary tissues. A total of 264 mammary samples were evaluated for the examination of mast cells and fibrosis. The mean mast cell number in both acute and chronic mastitis samples were very significantly higher than the control group P < 0.001). A 7.9-fold increase in the number of mast cells was found when the chronic mastitis group was compared with the control (healthy) group. Immunohistochemistry revealed presence of all three immune phenotypes in control and mastitic mammary samples (tryptase + (MCT), chymase + (MCC) and both chymase and tryptase + (MCTC). The mean MCT, MCC, and MCTC numbers in the chronic mastitis group were found to be significantly higher than the control (P < 0.001 for all three phenotypes) but did not differ significantly between control and acute mastitis samples. When the mean numbers of MCT, MCC, and MCTC in the control group and chronic mastitis group were compared, a 10.5, 7.8, and a 4.1-fold increase was observed, respectively. The amount of connective tissue was strongly increased in tissues with chronic mastitis and a 3.01-fold increase was detected compared to the control group. A statistically significant relation was also found between the amount of fibrosis and the increased number of total MCs (P < 0.001).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sprinkler cycle and flow rate on physiological, behavioural, and productive responses in dairy buffaloes. Nine Nili Ravi lactating buffaloes were subjected to three sprinkler cycles and two flow rates using a double replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The flow rates were 1.25 and 2 l/min, and the sprinkler cycles (minutes water on/off, number of cycles/h) were: 3/3, 10 cycles; 3/6, 7 cycles and 3/9, 5 cycles. The showering was applied from 0800 till 1630 h daily. In the first square of 21 d, each of the three sprinkler cycles was applied using a 1.25 l/min flow rate for 7 d per cycle. In the later square, the same treatments (sprinkler cycles) were applied using the 2 l/min flow rate. The average temperature humidity index during the study period was 85.7 ± 3.8 (Mean ± sd). The result showed that the 3/3 treatment group had lower body temperature and respiration rate than the other groups. The buffaloes in the 3/3 group produced 0.5 and 0.7 kg more milk with 1.4 and 2.4% more fat than the 3/6 and the 3/9 treatment groups, respectively. Similarly, the 2 l/min flow rate had a lower core body temperate and respiration rate and higher milk yield than the 1.25 l/min group. The 3/3 showering cycle with a 2 l/min flow rate appeared effective in improving physiological responses and milk yield in dairy buffaloes.

In approximately 1740, Cornelis Douwes presented an algorithmic method to determine the latitude when it is impossible to observe the Sun at the meridian passage. To apply Douwes’ method, it is necessary to know two altitudes of the Sun, the time elapsed between observations, the Sun's declination at the time when the greater altitude was observed and the latitude by account. Douwes’ method, originally written in Dutch, was translated and published in English by Richard Harrison in 1759. This translation made possible the dissemination of this method throughout Europe. In 1821, James Ivory proposed a new method that was independent of the latitude by account. This method was improved by Edward Riddle in 1822. Riddle's proposal was widely disseminated throughout Europe during the 19th century. In this work, our objective is to study the reliability of these two methods. For that purpose, we will apply the algorithmic methods of Douwes and Riddle to determine the latitude using real observations made during the years 2021 and 2022. The results obtained will then be compared with the GPS (Global Positioning System) latitude to assess the reliability of each method.

This study relies on the prevalence of certain structures that largely distinguish the creation and reception of music from that of language – namely, temporal grids, scalar grids, and segments with their repetitions – to construct a model of the human cognitive faculty for music that allows humans to make music the way they do. The study draws on research and thought in philosophy (including phenomenology), linguistics, psychology, and neurology, coupled with musicology, to produce a model of a human capacity to make complex comparisons between ongoing sound sequences and those simultaneously reconstructed from memory by registering the relativities within their flow. This model is then used in a consideration of how the faculty for music interacts with the faculty for language in the experience of song and a consideration of how a similar cognitive capacity for music might be identified in other species.

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is formed by complex cell biological processes in the lactating mammary epithelial cell which result in the release of the milk fat globule (MFG) into the secretory alveolus. The MFG is bounded by a continuous unit membrane (UM), separated from the MFG lipid by a thin layer of cytoplasm. This unique apocrine secretion process has been shown in all of the mammary species so far investigated. Once the MFG is released into the alveolus there is a considerable transformation of the UM with its attached cytoplasm. This is the MFGM. The transformation is stable and expressed milk shows the same transformed MFGM structure. Again, this transformation of structure is common to all mammalian species so far investigated. However, the explanation of the transformation very much depends on the method of investigation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies suggest a literal breakdown to a discontinuous UM plus cytoplasm in patches and strands, whereas more recent confocal laser scanning light microscopy (CLSM) studies indicate a separation, in a continuous UM, of two phases, one liquid ordered and the other liquid disordered. This review is designed to show that the TEM and CLSM results show different views of the same structures once certain deficiencies in techniques are factored in.

This article sheds light on the scholarly ideal of mutuality in the work of the missiologist, Frans J. Verstraelen, and the historian, Gerdien Verstraelen-Gilhuis. The couple were active in Zambia in the 1970s and devoutly Christian. Stemming from the theology of mission, mutuality refers to mutual assistance between ‘localized’ churches relating to personnel, material resources and, importantly, ideas. The ideal was posited during mission conferences and the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) in an effort to alter the relationship between former colonial metropoles and churches in newly independent countries. By highlighting different types of sources from the Verstraelen Collection, an image emerges of how the ideal of mutuality manifested itself in scholarly practices of fieldwork and knowledge dissemination. This study was inspired by Larissa Schulte Nordholt’s recent doctoral research on the drafting process of UNESCO’s General History of Africa (1964–1998). In scholarly personae and ideals she identified a useful lens through which to explore how processes of knowledge production on the African continent changed along with political decolonization.

The criminal law doctrine of “transferred malice” has been much discussed. What has gone comparatively unnoticed is the phenomenon of “recycled malice”. For example, those who endorse transferred malice would hold that, if D tries to shoot V, and the shot misses and hits T, D’s intention to hit V is “transferred” to T, and a completed offence against T is constructed. But many legal systems that endorse transferred malice also allow D to be convicted of an attempted offence against V. In other words, D’s intention to hit V can apparently be used multiple times. Once this phenomenon is noticed, a question arises over its justification and limits. This article argues that no convincing justification for recycling mens rea exists.