All governments ‘do’ industry policy, in the sense that they engage with business activity within their borders in order to create jobs, to further trade, or simply to keep up with technologies considered necessary for future growth. As a subject of scholarly and policy-related inquiry, however, industry policy was, for much of the period from the 1990s onward, overshadowed by what was widely perceived to be the triumphant march of freer trade and globalisation. Now that, for political, economic, and also environmental reasons, globalisation is viewed more critically, interest in industry policy has returned. But the subject remains controversial, not least because national conditions vary so markedly that mainstream economists remain hesitant to endorse more than minimal interventions. Nowhere have these misgivings been more marked than in Australia, which prides itself on its free trade credentials. But the world is changing unpredictably, and for Australia, as for many other trading nations, a new approach is needed to harness, intelligently, the power of the state in these circumstances.

Claystones and related sedimentary lithologies are considered as potential host rocks for the storage of high-level radioactive waste. The properties of claystones, which govern their barrier performance, can vary significantly between sites and formations. This study summarizes relevant barrier properties, with a particular emphasis on those dependent on burial history and maximum rock temperatures. Given the large number of properties influencing barrier quality, ranking them by relative importance is necessary. The predictable, non-linear behaviour of certain characteristics with geological burial depth allows for a substantial reduction in the number of properties requiring determination. Based on a set of representative repository-relevant rock lithologies, a case study comparison of potential claystone host rocks is presented. Hydraulic conductivity was assumed to be the most critical barrier property, with optimal values in rocks that reached peak diagenesis at burial depths exceeding 2000 m. To further distinguish claystone types and related lithologies in terms of barrier suitability, either cation-exchange capacity, reflecting the content of smectitic layers, or maximum temperature of palaeoburial heating (Tmaxgeo) can be used as an example. Pore-size distribution, correlating with the average particle distance, was particularly suited to estimating maximum burial depth, as it is less affected by thermal anomalies, pore fluid composition or cementation effects. Overall, combining key barrier properties with burial depth-dependent behaviour enables efficient assessment and comparison of claystone formations for deep high-level radioactive waste disposal. A quantitative comparison of various claystones, however, requires establishing a reactive solute transport model that simulates radionuclide release fluxes at specific timescales.

Cultural resource management (CRM) in the United States is an industry that thrives (or falters) on tight budgets and short deadlines. To steadily secure a reliable stream of projects from major clients (and to support the limited budgets of smaller clients), CRM firms are often forced to work with bare-bones funding, requiring them to demand a great deal of effort from their field and office personnel to stay within budget and on schedule. When the projects themselves can easily become the main focus, above the needs of the staff, an unhealthy working environment, lack of work–life balance, burnout, and resentment toward management can result. In this article, I reflect on my own leadership experiences and present a model that outlines best practices for CRM leadership professionals to follow to grow and maintain their businesses through the genuine and consistent support of staff members. I recommend three basic components to creating a healthy working environment in CRM: (1) policies and procedures that clearly outline staff safety, approaches to work–life balance, and field and lab protocols; (2) a “practice what you preach” approach to leadership; and (3) access to professional development opportunities for all staff, regardless of their job level or experience.

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease causing an estimated 59000 annual human deaths globally and approximately 523 in Kenya, with children disproportionately affected. Despite evidence that school-based educational interventions effectively increase rabies awareness and prevention among children, its implementation in Kenya is limited. This study aimed at utilizing an education programme to increase rabies awareness among primary school learners and evaluate their knowledge uptake. A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 210 learners from four primary schools (two urban, two rural). Pre-tested questionnaires assessed rabies awareness before and after rabies training sessions. Differences between urban and rural schools were assessed using χ2 tests, while Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for pre- and post-training scores. Post-training, overall knowledge scores improved from 6.14 to 7.61(p < 0.001), with significant increase in learners’ knowledge on rabies transmission, zoonosis, and the importance of annual dog vaccination. Attitudes and perceptions improved from 3.23 to 4.03 (p < 0.001), particularly health-seeking behaviour and reporting post dog bite. In conclusion, school-based rabies education significantly improved learners’ awareness. Being the first report of such intervention in Kenya, it could serve as a model for other zoonoses.

An inclusive mindset is essential for designing for inclusion. However, without a clear understanding of what an inclusive mindset entails, design educators and practitioners may find it difficult to cultivate. This study clarifies what constitutes an inclusive mindset and how it can be fostered in the design field. Through a scoping review of 47 studies, we systematically analysed research domains, types of inclusivity, definitions, associated attributes and factors influencing an inclusive mindset. The outcome is the development of an inclusive mindset model that outlines the core constructs of an inclusive mindset, its determinants and its translation into inclusive behaviour. The model was further refined and validated through interviews with 23 stakeholders in design and engineering education. Together, these insights provide a nuanced understanding of inclusivity and offer an empirically informed framework for advancing inclusion in design research, education and practice.

In response to President Xi Jinping’s call to accelerate its country’s law-based governance beyond its borders, China has in recent years constructed a growing suite of legal instruments with extraterritorial effect.1 Although these measures serve multiple purposes—including facilitating China’s global expansion and protecting its overseas interests—one of their central functions is to counter U.S. sanctions and trade restrictions.2 China’s weaponization of extraterritorial law, shaped by intensifying U.S.-China rivalry, thus represents a distinct and emerging form of extraterritoriality. It differs from the traditional expansion of extraterritorial jurisdiction, which has often operated as a form of legal imperialism in service of a broader neocolonial project.3

The fossil record offers a unique window into patterns of extinction and biodiversity recovery over deep time, and recent advances in analytical methods have significantly enhanced this research field. Our analysis of an updated dataset that includes 50 terminal taxa and 175 fossil occurrences of Ophiacodontidae, Edaphosauridae, and Sphenacodontidae (OES grade hereafter) using a recent implementation of the skyline fossilized birth–death model (FBD hereafter) confirms our previous conclusion that the OES grade diversified during the latter half of the Pennsylvanian but waned thereafter. However, our new results differ in several important points compared with our previous study (published in 2024). Notably, the transition between these two diversification regimes seems to have occurred earlier (at 298.9 Ma, at the Carboniferous/Permian transition), and it appears to have been marked by a moderate (0.527 survival probability), previously unreported extinction event. Also, the OES grade seems to have experienced a much more severe mass extinction event in the mid-Kungurian, with an estimated survival rate of only 0.113, which left very few surviving OES grade lineages. Climatic instability that started around the Carboniferous/Permian boundary and lasted throughout the Cisuralian, plausibly caused by intense volcanism of the Tarim Large Igneous Province and the Panjal Traps, may explain this pattern, which consists of a stagnating biodiversity followed by a brief, severe extinction event. This is reminiscent of the press–pulse model proposed by Arens and West in 2008, but if there was indeed an end-Carboniferous crisis, it could also be viewed as a new, more complex, pulse–press–pulse pattern.

The basal thermal state of the Antarctic ice sheet strongly influences ice dynamics and mass balance. Although basal thermal states can be simulated using ice-sheet models, significant uncertainties persist, with poorly constrained geothermal heat flux being one important source of uncertainty. The substantial computational cost of ice-sheet models restricts large ensemble simulations essential for uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analyses. To address this limitation, we develop machine-learning emulators for rapidly simulating the basal temperature and melt rate of Totten Glacier. Three distinct machine-learning emulators were trained using outputs of full-Stokes model simulations with different geothermal heat flux fields, achieving accurate replication (R2 up to 0.92). At least five simulations are needed to train a reliable emulator for basal ice temperature. Model interpretability reveals complementary physics learning: Random forest and XGBoost prioritize local dynamic drivers (basal topography, ice velocity), while neural network captures lower-complexity statistical mapping that is more strongly influenced by globally predictive variables (surface temperature, ice thickness). For basal melt rate, surface velocity emerges as the primary driver. These findings highlight substantial potential for integrating machine learning with ice-sheet modeling to efficiently and better predict basal thermal states.

During the era of colonial expansion, the European colonizers, backed by the military power of their imperial forces, carried their law to the colonized world. They even set up extraterritorial courts in the non-European colonial territories or in formally independent (but de facto not so) countries to exercise jurisdiction over European subjects.1 This was a form of “legal imperialism” as defined by Turan Kayaoğlu: “the extension of a state’s legal authority into another state and limitation of legal authority of the target state over issues that may affect people, commercial interest, and security of the imperial state.”2 In the contemporary era, powerful countries need not carry guns or set up extraterritorial courts in overseas territories; their laws often have reach well beyond their territories. Thus, smaller states have tended to perceive broad assertions of extraterritorial jurisdiction by the Global North as a form of regulation not only of the activities of individual or corporate actors but of the states of the Global South themselves.3

We demonstrate that tailoring the laser–target interaction at the PW-class VEGA-3 facility (by controlling the focusing conditions, pulse duration, chirp sign and solid-target properties) enables the enhancement of ion flux, divergence and cutoff energy for high-energy-density physics experiments. The existence of optimal pulse duration, focusing conditions, target thickness and target material is experimentally demonstrated. We further show that a reduction in ion acceleration efficiency under best-compression conditions leads to delayed relative depletion of the hydrogen population compared to carbon ions, accompanied by a decrease in both ion flux and cutoff energy. For metallic targets, scintillator detectors reveal a more divergent and deflected proton beam than that produced from thick plastic targets. The product of the magnetic field strength and the interaction length acting on the ions is estimated to reach up to 400 MG μm, resulting in a ring-like spatial distribution of protons generated from aluminum and copper targets.