The basal thermal state of the Antarctic ice sheet strongly influences ice dynamics and mass balance. Although basal thermal states can be simulated using ice-sheet models, significant uncertainties persist, with poorly constrained geothermal heat flux being one important source of uncertainty. The substantial computational cost of ice-sheet models restricts large ensemble simulations essential for uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analyses. To address this limitation, we develop machine-learning emulators for rapidly simulating the basal temperature and melt rate of Totten Glacier. Three distinct machine-learning emulators were trained using outputs of full-Stokes model simulations with different geothermal heat flux fields, achieving accurate replication (R2 up to 0.92). At least five simulations are needed to train a reliable emulator for basal ice temperature. Model interpretability reveals complementary physics learning: Random forest and XGBoost prioritize local dynamic drivers (basal topography, ice velocity), while neural network captures lower-complexity statistical mapping that is more strongly influenced by globally predictive variables (surface temperature, ice thickness). For basal melt rate, surface velocity emerges as the primary driver. These findings highlight substantial potential for integrating machine learning with ice-sheet modeling to efficiently and better predict basal thermal states.

During the era of colonial expansion, the European colonizers, backed by the military power of their imperial forces, carried their law to the colonized world. They even set up extraterritorial courts in the non-European colonial territories or in formally independent (but de facto not so) countries to exercise jurisdiction over European subjects.1 This was a form of “legal imperialism” as defined by Turan Kayaoğlu: “the extension of a state’s legal authority into another state and limitation of legal authority of the target state over issues that may affect people, commercial interest, and security of the imperial state.”2 In the contemporary era, powerful countries need not carry guns or set up extraterritorial courts in overseas territories; their laws often have reach well beyond their territories. Thus, smaller states have tended to perceive broad assertions of extraterritorial jurisdiction by the Global North as a form of regulation not only of the activities of individual or corporate actors but of the states of the Global South themselves.3

We demonstrate that tailoring the laser–target interaction at the PW-class VEGA-3 facility (by controlling the focusing conditions, pulse duration, chirp sign and solid-target properties) enables the enhancement of ion flux, divergence and cutoff energy for high-energy-density physics experiments. The existence of optimal pulse duration, focusing conditions, target thickness and target material is experimentally demonstrated. We further show that a reduction in ion acceleration efficiency under best-compression conditions leads to delayed relative depletion of the hydrogen population compared to carbon ions, accompanied by a decrease in both ion flux and cutoff energy. For metallic targets, scintillator detectors reveal a more divergent and deflected proton beam than that produced from thick plastic targets. The product of the magnetic field strength and the interaction length acting on the ions is estimated to reach up to 400 MG μm, resulting in a ring-like spatial distribution of protons generated from aluminum and copper targets.

How do states overcome mistrust? Scholars argue that costly foreign policy signals build trust. But when trust is low, such as during rivalries, states are unwilling to use these signals for fear of being cheated. We argue that domestic policies can also build trust by revealing information about a state’s likelihood of cooperating internationally when there is a correlation between domestic and international preferences. We further argue that domestic policies have a distinct advantage: the value states accrue from them depends less on international reciprocation. As a result, domestic choices can reassure counterparts at moments when trust is so low that costly international signals appear prohibitively risky. We test the implications of our theory in case studies of the Cold War’s end and United States–South Korea trust-building post-coup, illuminating several phenomena the current literature struggles to explain: initial trust-building between enduring rivals, asymmetric trust-building, and trust-building through illiberal domestic policies.

In a recent article, Evan Criddle argues that states’ “authority to make extraterritorial law is narrower than the international law of prescriptive jurisdiction alone would suggest.”1 This is because “the right of peoples to self-determination … limits when states may resort to extraterritoriality.”2 Extraterritoriality, he contends, is intrinsically connected with imperial rule and must be resisted.3 In my previous work on this topic, I have shared Criddle’s concerns about how certain forms of extraterritorial prescriptive jurisdiction are normatively unwarranted, and should be abrogated.4 More recently, I have even defended a general presumption against extraterritoriality that can be overridden only by sufficiently strong considerations.5 In this piece, by contrast, I examine the intricate relationship between extraterritoriality and empire in the context of Argentina’s experience with universal jurisdiction for serious crimes under international law.

In 2021, the cultural heritage nonprofit organization Archaeology Southwest received a Human Networks and Data Science grant from the US National Science Foundation to update its long-running archaeological research database, cyberSW. Central to this process was the creation of a Tribal Working Group (TWG) to advise the cyberSW team on how to make the database more relevant/useful to Native American communities in the region. Over the next three years, the TWG collaboration led to new approaches to database management and the hiring of a Native American fellow, as well as an expansion of the project to engage with traditional knowledge about plants and animals. This article recounts the history of the cyberSW 2.0 database project and TWG’s role within this process, with the goal of sharing lessons learned for others interested in developing similar collaborative programs with Native American communities.

Sister groups (two clades sharing a common ancestor) often differ greatly in taxonomic, phenotypic, and ecologic diversity, but explanations for these differences remain elusive. One hypothesis is that mate choice involving display promotes genetic isolation and thus speciation. We test this and other hypotheses by analyzing individual-level phenotypes that evolved in one but not the other of the two great molluscan sister clades Aculifera (chitons and relatives) and the much more diverse Conchifera (snails, clams, squid, and their relatives). The key difference lies in the morphological relationship between body and shell, which in Aculifera are tightly coupled, greatly limiting locomotion, activity, and mate choice. In Conchifera (especially in the major subclade Megalopodifera), the body and shell are more decoupled, facilitating a wide range of activity, modular evolution, and ecological expansion. Contrary to the primacy of mate choice as an engine of diversification, display-related mate choice is part of a larger theme of evolutionary feedbacks among habitat (including mate) choice, locomotor and other activity, and speciation. Some conchiferan clades never diversified and remain phenotypically conservative, highlighting the fact that the only unifying feature of a clade is its retrospective monophyly.

We develop a general relativistic, one-dimensional model of advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) around Schwarzschild black holes, incorporating the full viscous shear tensor and all components of the heat flux four vector. This framework allows for a consistent treatment of anisotropic conduction in curved space time. Our results highlight the dominant role of radial and temporal heat flux components, while the vertical component, which is commonly emphasised in earlier studies, has negligible impact. Thermal conduction is found to significantly modify the disc structure in inner regions, enhancing thermal pressure and vertical expansion while reducing density. At larger radii, conduction effects fade and disc properties converge. The energy budget remains advection-dominated, with viscous heating exceeding radiative cooling and a substantial portion of energy carried inward by advection. Additionally, stronger inflow and higher angular momentum intensify all thermal processes through enhanced compression and shear. Our results affirm that realistic modelling of ADAFs around black holes demands inclusion of both anisotropic and fully general relativistic effects in heat transport and viscosity. We further show that the accretion flow exhibits transonic behaviour, characterised by a relativistic Mach number that increases inward and crosses unity as the flow approaches the black hole, marking the transition from subsonic to supersonic regimes. Moreover, the weak Coulomb coupling in such radiatively inefficient flows leads naturally to a two-temperature plasma, in which ions and electrons evolve quasi-independently, with the ion component dominating the thermodynamic structure.

Our quasi-experimental study at four Veterans Affairs Medical Centers evaluates whether clinician-centered education, audit, and feedback could reduce unnecessary preoperative urine cultures in asymptomatic neurosurgical, orthopedic, and vascular surgery patients. Urine culture rates decreased from 20.7% to 12.9% (P < .01), with orthopedic surgery showing the largest improvements (18.7% to 7.4%; P < .01).

We consider the problem of estimating and deriving confidence intervals for change points in linear models with heteroscedastic errors. A CUSUM process-based estimator is proposed, and we establish its asymptotic properties when the linear regression model exhibits change points in both the regression parameters and the distribution of the errors. This theory motivates the construction of confidence sets for multiple change points by refining preliminary change point estimators and approximating their distribution in a way that is robust to heteroscedasticity. Monte Carlo experiments indicate that the proposed confidence intervals achieve accurate empirical coverage for change-point locations under both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic error structures. In two data applications, we apply the proposed confidence intervals to examine changes in the flattening of the New Keynesian Phillips curve and in cryptocurrency risk factors.

Census counts of Pygoscelis penguins on the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Arc are conducted both regularly around field stations and opportunistically from ships with the goal of assessing the breeding abundances and trends of these indicator species. Regional trends and abundances are often more policy-relevant than population-specific metrics, but survey patterns in the area have not been planned to optimize regional inference. We evaluated the ability of several monitoring schemes to describe regional trends and abundances of Pygoscelis penguins. Using a ‘pseudo-true’ time series as a starting point, we simulated time series of ‘observed’ census data for the period of 2000–2024. We then fit a hierarchical Bayesian population model to each dataset to assess how well each monitoring scheme recovered the known regional trends and abundances. Simulations were repeated across combinations of survey efforts, variances in inter-population abundances and census uncertainties. We found that implementing structured monitoring schemes would improve our ability to recover regional trends and abundances compared to the actual distribution of surveys conducted during the 2000–2024 period. For scenarios characterized by low variance in abundance such as the gentoo penguins on the central-west Antarctic Peninsula, we could recover trend and abundance estimates with considerably less survey effort if we deployed a monitoring scheme that cycled through all populations at an equal interval. For scenarios characterized by high variance in abundance such as the Adélie penguins on the north-east Antarctic Peninsula, surveys were optimized by splitting effort between satellite monitoring of the largest populations and cycling through the other populations. These findings are strongly influenced by the rapid increase in uncertainty regarding population abundance in the seasons after a census count, highlighting the importance of prioritizing sites where abundances are highly uncertain due to long intervals since the last survey.

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are bright (Jansky-level) and short-duration ($\sim$1 ms) flashes of extragalactic origin. Observations of single events have now been complemented by large-area surveys, delivering FRB catalogues and enabling the first population studies. The Northern Cross (NC) radio interferometer is one of the instruments performing observations of FRBs. In this work, we present the Italian Northern Cross Atlas of Radio Transients (INCART), a public platform for the distribution of data products from the NC. INCART makes available to the community the FRBs observed by the NC through manageable frequency-time series datasets and catalogues with best-fit physical parameters. The design of INCART guarantees the possibility of scientific re-analysis of the FRB properties, in view also of future releases of the processing pipeline. Furthermore, INCART focuses on long-term storage optimisation, which is a key aspect of state-of-the-art instrumentation. Public access to the FRB data from the NC maximises the legacy value of the collection, facilitates the synergy with other publicly available catalogues, and fosters research group collaborations.

This paper examines the impact of low-carbon transition risks on sovereign borrowing costs. Using two unbalanced panel datasets covering 125 countries from 1995 to 2019, we estimate extended models of the macroeconomic determinants of short- and long-term sovereign debt costs. We include key indicators capturing exposure to transition risks, such as fossil resource abundance, the carbon intensity of GDP, and the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. Results show that fossil resource abundance and a higher renewable energy share are associated with lower borrowing costs, whereas greater carbon intensity raises sovereign debt costs. Financial markets therefore appear to reward fossil resource endowments while penalizing carbon-intensive uses of these resources. This reveals a contradictory signal: fossil resource wealth lowers the cost of public borrowing, as it is perceived as a form of implicit collateral, while the actual use of these resources increases borrowing costs, reflecting a carbon risk premium.

This study documents a behavioral dimension of the persistent contradiction between democratic ideals and racial exclusion by examining patterns of everyday spatial avoidance among minoritized groups in shared public spaces. By drawing on systematic observational data from 428 dyadic encounters on Seattle public transit platforms, the analysis identifies patterns of behavioral segregation that may bear on the prospects for multiracial cooperation. Results reveal consistent asymmetrical avoidance: East Asian and Hispanic individuals maintain 18–19 additional feet from Black first-arrivers, a pattern that Black individuals do not reciprocate. In contrast, interaction models show that Black–Black dyads have less interpersonal distance that contrasts with broader aversion by outgroups. By shifting from attitudinal to behavioral measures, this study captures intergroup dynamics that surveys may not detect.

Twin studies provide a powerful framework to identify genetic and environmental influences on health and development, particularly during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Although twin research has expanded globally, evidence from South Asia remains limited and poorly characterized. This systematic review aimed to synthesize health research involving infant, child, and adolescent twins conducted in South Asia and to identify methodological patterns and research gaps relevant to future twin research in the region. A systematic review was conducted according to a registered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42018105704) using the PICOS framework. Multiple international and regional databases were searched from inception to September 2025. Studies recruiting twins aged 0–19 years within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries were included. Study selection, data extraction, and quality appraisal were conducted independently, with study quality assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Results were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity across study designs and outcomes. Eighteen studies were included from 1245 identified records. Most studies focused on twin pregnancy and neonatal outcomes (61%), followed by dentistry, ocular health, and gut microbiota. Twin pregnancies were consistently associated with increased risks of low birth weight, preterm birth, and perinatal morbidity and mortality. A limited number of studies applied classical twin designs to investigate genetic and environmental contributions. Twin research involving infants, children, and adolescents in South Asia remains limited in scope and methodological depth. Strengthening twin registries, methodological standardization, and collaborations is essential to advance genetically informative research and enhance the global representativeness of twin studies.

This lecture considers conserving and upholding Anishinaabe law as it relates to the more-than-human world. It suggests that we must continually renew our broadest legal commitments to protect and preserve what sustains us. Protecting clans and the animals from which they derive is close to the heart of Anishinaabe law (ode’naakonige). This law is embodied through Anishinaabe treaties with our evolutionary progenitors, our clan relatives. These treaties with the more-than-human world were incorporated into treaties with other First Nations. From an Anishinaabe perspective, these obligations were, in turn, eventually imported into treaties with the Crown. Anishinaabe treaties with the more-than-human world continue to inform how Anishinaabe people practice constitutional law through consultation protocols, legislation, and participation in court proceedings.