A newly discovered unpublished declaration of Charles II on ‘ecclesiastical affairs’ of November 1661 allows us to reassess the making of the religious settlement of 1660–3. The declaration contains a review of developments since his return to England and demonstrates the king’s unwavering commitment to honour his promise at Breda of a ‘liberty to tender consciences’ to accompany the return of episcopal government and worship with the Prayer Book. It also indicates his consistent pursuit of these objectives and, more broadly, his critical role in religious politics from 1660 to 1663.

It is perhaps no exaggeration to suggest that the field of transnational criminal law (TCL) is one in which extraterritoriality rules. Most states interpret their jurisdiction over offenses occurring within their territory (referred to here, as it is in TCL literature, as “territorial jurisdiction”) as having an extraterritorial aspect.1 Further, treaties developed to facilitate cooperation in addressing certain serious transnational offenses (the “suppression conventions”) often require that states assert some forms of jurisdiction over offenses occurring outside their territories (referred to here, as it is in TCL literature, as “extraterritorial jurisdiction”), and permit assertions on additional bases.2 While these jurisdictional provisions provide a means for relatively weaker states to reinforce their sovereignty,3 they have also been a means through which more powerful states extend their power, giving new effect to the imperialist roots of extraterritoriality.4 Alongside this treaty-based expansion of state jurisdiction, there have also been proposals over the years to create international or regional courts to supplement domestic enforcement. Unsurprisingly, a consistent reason for which states advocate in favor of international courts to aid in suppressing transnational crimes is their lack of capacity.5 Another reason, however, has been that such a court would provide a means for relatively less powerful states to reinforce their sovereignty against intrusions by more powerful states. In this contribution, I resurface some of the reasons states gave in the 1930s for supporting the creation of an international anti-terrorism court and draw parallels with more recent efforts to create international or regional courts for the suppression of transnational crimes. My goal is to highlight how an international court can help resolve the sovereignty paradox created by TCL’s resort to extraterritorial jurisdiction.

How are feminized identities used to further the participation of Women in far-right populist movements? We examine this question by exploring the appropriation of #SavetheChildren by the far-right group, QAnon. We employ competing narratives of QAnon child trafficking campaign materials and those of Polaris, the largest anti-trafficking NGO in the United States, in an original survey of respondents to examine public responses to QAnon’s use of gendered stereotypes that tie women to motherhood and maternal duty. Our results illustrate the syncretic nature of QAnon and the complex reality of gender stereotypes. We find that motherhood and child protection narratives by QAnon do not mobilize women better than NGOs. However, QAnon narratives appear to be at least as good at mobilizing as NGO narratives and do so for the same groups. Further work in this area is crucial to understanding the complex relationship between gender and the rise of QAnon.

Commonly used components of health risk assessments and outbreak investigations are the proportion of the general population exposed to potential sources, often coming from national surveys collected with one reference period, such as 7 days. However, risk assessors may need this value for a different period of time (e.g. 1 day, a full year, etc.) and outbreak investigators may need a reference period that matches their case questionnaire. Use of these proportions is biased if the reference period does not match what is needed. Three surveys that collected exposure information with more than one reference group were used to fit six models that were developed to estimate the relationship between proportion and reference period length, and thus, convert proportions collected with one reference period to any desired reference period. A practical implementation of the best model is provided in a spreadsheet for health practitioners, such as those working in risk assessment or outbreaks who need to convert proportions to a new reference period. The conversion method can be used in any subject matter across the sciences, where surveys collect the proportion of respondents who experienced an event in a defined reference period.

Les régions rurales présentent une proportion élevée de personnes aînées utilisant plusieurs médicaments. Afin de guider les interventions en santé, cette étude descriptive qualitative visait à comprendre les perceptions de personnes aînées et de personnes proches aidantes vivant en milieu rural quant à la polypharmacie et à la déprescription. Des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées ont été conduites auprès de personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus prenant cinq médicaments ou plus quotidiennement et de personnes proches aidantes de personnes aînées. L’analyse thématique inductive a révélé que la polypharmacie soulève des inquiétudes, mais qu’elle est perçue comme essentielle. Pour les personnes aînées et les personnes proches aidantes, le médecin demeure une figure de confiance en matière de médicaments. Une approche participative et individualisée par les professionnels de la santé permettrait d’impliquer davantage les personnes et leurs proches pour surmonter les défis liés à la polypharmacie et à la déprescription.

All governments ‘do’ industry policy, in the sense that they engage with business activity within their borders in order to create jobs, to further trade, or simply to keep up with technologies considered necessary for future growth. As a subject of scholarly and policy-related inquiry, however, industry policy was, for much of the period from the 1990s onward, overshadowed by what was widely perceived to be the triumphant march of freer trade and globalisation. Now that, for political, economic, and also environmental reasons, globalisation is viewed more critically, interest in industry policy has returned. But the subject remains controversial, not least because national conditions vary so markedly that mainstream economists remain hesitant to endorse more than minimal interventions. Nowhere have these misgivings been more marked than in Australia, which prides itself on its free trade credentials. But the world is changing unpredictably, and for Australia, as for many other trading nations, a new approach is needed to harness, intelligently, the power of the state in these circumstances.

Claystones and related sedimentary lithologies are considered as potential host rocks for the storage of high-level radioactive waste. The properties of claystones, which govern their barrier performance, can vary significantly between sites and formations. This study summarizes relevant barrier properties, with a particular emphasis on those dependent on burial history and maximum rock temperatures. Given the large number of properties influencing barrier quality, ranking them by relative importance is necessary. The predictable, non-linear behaviour of certain characteristics with geological burial depth allows for a substantial reduction in the number of properties requiring determination. Based on a set of representative repository-relevant rock lithologies, a case study comparison of potential claystone host rocks is presented. Hydraulic conductivity was assumed to be the most critical barrier property, with optimal values in rocks that reached peak diagenesis at burial depths exceeding 2000 m. To further distinguish claystone types and related lithologies in terms of barrier suitability, either cation-exchange capacity, reflecting the content of smectitic layers, or maximum temperature of palaeoburial heating (Tmaxgeo) can be used as an example. Pore-size distribution, correlating with the average particle distance, was particularly suited to estimating maximum burial depth, as it is less affected by thermal anomalies, pore fluid composition or cementation effects. Overall, combining key barrier properties with burial depth-dependent behaviour enables efficient assessment and comparison of claystone formations for deep high-level radioactive waste disposal. A quantitative comparison of various claystones, however, requires establishing a reactive solute transport model that simulates radionuclide release fluxes at specific timescales.

Cultural resource management (CRM) in the United States is an industry that thrives (or falters) on tight budgets and short deadlines. To steadily secure a reliable stream of projects from major clients (and to support the limited budgets of smaller clients), CRM firms are often forced to work with bare-bones funding, requiring them to demand a great deal of effort from their field and office personnel to stay within budget and on schedule. When the projects themselves can easily become the main focus, above the needs of the staff, an unhealthy working environment, lack of work–life balance, burnout, and resentment toward management can result. In this article, I reflect on my own leadership experiences and present a model that outlines best practices for CRM leadership professionals to follow to grow and maintain their businesses through the genuine and consistent support of staff members. I recommend three basic components to creating a healthy working environment in CRM: (1) policies and procedures that clearly outline staff safety, approaches to work–life balance, and field and lab protocols; (2) a “practice what you preach” approach to leadership; and (3) access to professional development opportunities for all staff, regardless of their job level or experience.

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease causing an estimated 59000 annual human deaths globally and approximately 523 in Kenya, with children disproportionately affected. Despite evidence that school-based educational interventions effectively increase rabies awareness and prevention among children, its implementation in Kenya is limited. This study aimed at utilizing an education programme to increase rabies awareness among primary school learners and evaluate their knowledge uptake. A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 210 learners from four primary schools (two urban, two rural). Pre-tested questionnaires assessed rabies awareness before and after rabies training sessions. Differences between urban and rural schools were assessed using χ2 tests, while Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for pre- and post-training scores. Post-training, overall knowledge scores improved from 6.14 to 7.61(p < 0.001), with significant increase in learners’ knowledge on rabies transmission, zoonosis, and the importance of annual dog vaccination. Attitudes and perceptions improved from 3.23 to 4.03 (p < 0.001), particularly health-seeking behaviour and reporting post dog bite. In conclusion, school-based rabies education significantly improved learners’ awareness. Being the first report of such intervention in Kenya, it could serve as a model for other zoonoses.

An inclusive mindset is essential for designing for inclusion. However, without a clear understanding of what an inclusive mindset entails, design educators and practitioners may find it difficult to cultivate. This study clarifies what constitutes an inclusive mindset and how it can be fostered in the design field. Through a scoping review of 47 studies, we systematically analysed research domains, types of inclusivity, definitions, associated attributes and factors influencing an inclusive mindset. The outcome is the development of an inclusive mindset model that outlines the core constructs of an inclusive mindset, its determinants and its translation into inclusive behaviour. The model was further refined and validated through interviews with 23 stakeholders in design and engineering education. Together, these insights provide a nuanced understanding of inclusivity and offer an empirically informed framework for advancing inclusion in design research, education and practice.

In response to President Xi Jinping’s call to accelerate its country’s law-based governance beyond its borders, China has in recent years constructed a growing suite of legal instruments with extraterritorial effect.1 Although these measures serve multiple purposes—including facilitating China’s global expansion and protecting its overseas interests—one of their central functions is to counter U.S. sanctions and trade restrictions.2 China’s weaponization of extraterritorial law, shaped by intensifying U.S.-China rivalry, thus represents a distinct and emerging form of extraterritoriality. It differs from the traditional expansion of extraterritorial jurisdiction, which has often operated as a form of legal imperialism in service of a broader neocolonial project.3

The fossil record offers a unique window into patterns of extinction and biodiversity recovery over deep time, and recent advances in analytical methods have significantly enhanced this research field. Our analysis of an updated dataset that includes 50 terminal taxa and 175 fossil occurrences of Ophiacodontidae, Edaphosauridae, and Sphenacodontidae (OES grade hereafter) using a recent implementation of the skyline fossilized birth–death model (FBD hereafter) confirms our previous conclusion that the OES grade diversified during the latter half of the Pennsylvanian but waned thereafter. However, our new results differ in several important points compared with our previous study (published in 2024). Notably, the transition between these two diversification regimes seems to have occurred earlier (at 298.9 Ma, at the Carboniferous/Permian transition), and it appears to have been marked by a moderate (0.527 survival probability), previously unreported extinction event. Also, the OES grade seems to have experienced a much more severe mass extinction event in the mid-Kungurian, with an estimated survival rate of only 0.113, which left very few surviving OES grade lineages. Climatic instability that started around the Carboniferous/Permian boundary and lasted throughout the Cisuralian, plausibly caused by intense volcanism of the Tarim Large Igneous Province and the Panjal Traps, may explain this pattern, which consists of a stagnating biodiversity followed by a brief, severe extinction event. This is reminiscent of the press–pulse model proposed by Arens and West in 2008, but if there was indeed an end-Carboniferous crisis, it could also be viewed as a new, more complex, pulse–press–pulse pattern.