We prove the existence of solitary waves in a lattice where all particles interact with each other by pairwise repulsive forces that decay with distance. The variational existence proof is based on constrained optimization and provides a one-parameter family of unimodal solutions. We also describe the asymptotic behaviour of large, fast, high-energy waves.

Cognitive impairment is a major determinant of disability in bipolar disorder (BD) and a defining feature of both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Lithium, a first-line maintenance treatment for BD, is implicated in neuroprotective mechanisms including glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition, amyloid and tau modulation, and neurogenesis promotion. The overarching aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the long-term effects of lithium on cognition across BD, MCI, and early-to-moderate AD using randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence. Online databases were searched from inception through May 2025 for RCTs reporting lithium’s effect on cognitive outcomes in BD, MCI, or early-to-moderate AD with ≥8 weeks of follow-up. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria, ranging from 10 weeks to 3 years in duration. Across four BD trials, lithium did not exhibit consistent improvement or worsening on composite cognitive scores. Three of four MCI/AD trials reported attenuated global cognitive deterioration with low-dose lithium, especially when exposure was ≥12 months. Methodological limitations included small sample sizes, exploratory endpoints, and variable measures for cognitive function as well as lithium strategies. Lithium demonstrates preliminary signals of slower cognitive decline in MCI/AD. Available evidence suggests lithium has neutral effects on cognitive impairment in BD. Future adequately powered RCTs with cognition as a primary endpoint, functional measures, and biomarker outcomes are warranted to clarify lithium’s role as a maintenance treatment in psychiatric disorders and its potential neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases.

Research on the acquisition of language’s logical connectives has generally focused on production studies (spontaneous or elicited). According to such data, parts of the logical vocabulary – in particular, conjunction and disjunction – are acquired relatively late, with adult-like production evident from age 3 for conjunction and from age 6 for disjunction. In this study, we employed the intermodal preferential looking paradigm to target the comprehension abilities of Italian-speaking toddlers of an average age of 28 months, a younger cohort than in previous studies. We collected eye-fixation data as toddlers inspected two images whilst listening to conjunctive and disjunctive sentences and analysed these data with a generalised additive model, obtaining a sequential record of the online, implicit processing of the sentences. The results indicate that toddlers discriminate between conjunction and disjunction and favour an inclusive reading of disjunction, furthermore providing evidence for the earliest comprehension of the logical connectives in ontogeny.

Seabirds are at high risk of extinction, and the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) represents an additional threat. In 2024, HPAIV A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b was detected for the first time in the Antarctic Continent in a dead Brown Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus), and further evidence suggests that not all species have been equally affected. We conducted a survey of HPAIV-related mortalities across 16 seabird nesting sites along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) during the 2024–2025 breeding season. We report a mortality of 35 adult skuas along the WAP and beyond the Antarctic Polar Circle. Eleven skuas from six different geographic areas were sampled and all were positive to HPAIV A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these sequences are closely related to the initial HPAIV A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b reported in Antarctica, and post-mortem findings suggest that the viral infection was likely the cause of death. No other suspected HPAIV-related mortalities were observed in sympatric species. Our findings represent the southernmost record of skua mortality in Antarctica related to HPAIV A/H5 infection to date, demonstrating the dissemination of 2.3.4.4b clade across several localities. The virus is differentially affecting sympatric seabird species and the skuas may act as sentinel species for influenza surveillance.

En quittant Paris pour l’armée en 1939, Marc Bloch laisse sa bibliothèque dans son appartement de la rue de Sèvres. Celle-ci, riche de plusieurs milliers de volumes est saisie par les Allemands au début de 1942 et expédiée en Allemagne. Les restitutions, opérées principalement à la fin des années 1940, ne concernent qu’une fraction de l’ensemble des livres rassemblés par Bloch au cours de sa carrière. L’université de Paris, puis l’une de ses héritières, l’université Paris 1- Panthéon Sorbonne, ont acquis en plusieurs temps, par achat puis par un don de la famille, une grande partie des livres revenus d’Allemagne, soit environ 1 800 volumes. Ceux-ci furent affectés à la bibliothèque Halphen, bibliothèque de travail des médiévistes. L’article replace l’histoire de cette bibliothèque dans le contexte des relations entre Bloch et le monde universitaire français et étrangers. Il vise à restituer l’importance de la constitution du fonds dans l’histoire intellectuelle de Bloch. L’examen de cette partie substantielle, mais tout de même partielle, du fonds illustre les catégories scientifiques mobilisées par Bloch dans son travail. Les dédicaces et signatures permettent d’évaluer l’ampleur de son réseau d’amitiés et de relations dans le milieu académique français et, au-delà, à travers toute l’Europe. Ce fragment éclaire la consistance d’un outil de travail remarquable, construit patiemment, à coups de comptes rendus et d’achats par un savant d’une envergure exceptionnelle.

Public support for judicial independence appears robust on principlein the abstract, but is it resilient? I argue that judicial rulings on identity-salient issues can weaken democratic forbearance by activating racial worldviews that motivate citizens to perceive judges as biased, rationalizing undemocratic penalties. I test this theory using two survey experiments (White and Latino samples) that randomly assign conditions varying the decision direction and the judge’s race. A dual-baseline-design comparing a consensus policy control against a neutral decision shows that disliked decisions move both racial liberals and conservatives from undemocratic penalties’ rejection toward ambivalence. The effects are symmetric within partisan groups. Perceived judicial bias mediates the relationship, but only among those with strong racial commitments.  Among Latinos, the bias-to-penalty process generalizes, but the triggers differ: racial resentment captures anti-Black distancing not defense of White symbols. Findings suggest that public support for judicial independence is conditional on substantive agreement and vulnerable to elite exploitation.

This article examines how Hindu nationalist (Hindutva) political actors in India have strategically co-opted the language of decolonization to advance a majoritarian ethno-religious agenda—one that, paradoxically, reproduces the exclusionary dynamics that postcolonial theory was originally developed to critique. The article identifies three core rhetorical vectors: a “double colonialism” thesis that frames Muslim rule as equivalent to British colonialism; curriculum reform that erases Muslim contributions to Indian history while privileging a mythologized Hindu past; and the reframing of caste discrimination as itself a colonial invention, undermining the legitimacy of affirmative action. Beyond rhetoric, the article traces how decolonization has been operationalized as state policy—through legal reform, changes in the military, urban renaming, and education reforms—to systematically Hinduize public institutions. This article further argues that this recent semantic appropriation of decolonial vocabulary is deployed to legitimize the implementation of old Hindu nationalist ideas.

This article examines how minority groups engaged in armed conflict express solidarity with similarly situated groups elsewhere. While existing research has focused on relations between minorities and majorities, far less is known about cross-minority solidarity in conflict settings. Drawing on an original nationwide survey in Turkey and in-depth interviews with members of parliament, this study analyzes how Kurds perceive the Israel-Palestine conflict in the context of the recent Israel-Hamas war. It argues that although Kurds in Turkey have historically supported the Palestinian cause, recent developments in Turkey and the broader Middle East, along with changes in Palestinian leadership, have complicated this support. The findings demonstrate that cross-minority solidarity is more limited and contingent than is often assumed, even among groups that share a common faith or a history of marginalization. Political ideology, party affiliation, and international alignments play a central role in shaping these attitudes.

Urban farming has expanded nationwide, offering environmental and economic sustainability while providing food sovereignty to underserved communities. However, urban farming poses unique challenges that conventional farmers often do not face. These farms typically grow a diversity of crops, many of which are dependent on insect pollination. While some farmers utilize honey bees for pollination, attracting wild bees with pollinator-supportive practices can also provide adequate crop pollination. Implementation of management strategies that support pollinators can be influenced by farm and grower characteristics. In this study, we surveyed 74 urban growers and evaluated the influence of grower characteristics, such as grower demographics, perception, motivation, resource use and accessibility, and source of educational information, on the implementation of eight commonly used pollinator management strategies and overall farm richness. We also described grower and farm characteristics and the use frequency of various educational sources. Overall, the importance of pollinators on a farm (based on the proportion of high-pollinator-dependent crops grown) did not influence the use of pollinator management strategies by urban growers. Demographic variables (age, gender, farm income, education, years of agricultural experience) had no impact on grower decisions. Rather, growers were influenced most by information source, resource use and accessibility, perception, and motivation. Factors associated with educational source and resource use and accessibility had the greatest impact on pollinator management implementation and crop richness. Specifically, using educational resources to inform farm management practices, city policies, and manual labor impacted grower decision the most. The most popular sources of educational information were hard copy books and field guides, conversations with colleagues and other farmers, and online extension articles and non-profit organization resources. Our findings also suggested that urban growers may incorporate certain pollinator management practices more effectively when utilizing online materials rather than hard copy formats. Overall, this study highlights the need to create and provide more accessible educational materials and resources to urban growers. Historically, these growers have been underserved by agricultural educators; thus, it is critical to incorporate their unique needs and challenges when creating farmer resources related to pollinator management. By more effectively communicating the importance of insect crop pollinator management through educational tools, we can support more productive urban agricultural systems.

Clinical prediction models play a crucial role in advancing personalized care for mental health disorders, providing essential insights for diagnosis, prognosis and intervention planning. This work examines the current methodological approaches used to develop such models, emphasizing their application to mental health problems, including depression. To illustrate these concepts, we used data on prenatal depression from a multinational observational study of 5,372 pregnant women. The goal is to develop an individual prognostic model for depressive symptoms that can be used already at the beginning of pregnancy. Our analysis explores variable selection strategies, validation methodologies and the integration of clinical expertise with data-driven approaches. Particular attention is given to addressing challenges such as population heterogeneity, overfitting and the importance of external validation for generalizability across diverse settings. We distinguish between statistical regression models and machine learning techniques, discussing their respective strengths and limitations in terms of interpretability, predictive accuracy and clinical usability. This work offers practical guidance for researchers and clinicians, focusing on the critical steps for model development and implementation. We highlight best practices to avoid common pitfalls, advocate for interdisciplinary collaboration and address challenges of integrating advanced statistical and machine learning tools into clinical practice. By providing practical guidance and addressing these issues, our aim is to support the development of robust and clinically relevant prediction models.

How do voters react to the individual characteristics of crises following events such as pandemics or floods? In the aftermath of crises following such events, governments may find they are sanctioned by voters, because the crises can provide voters with important information concerning the qualities of incumbents in handling crisis or their responsibility for the ensuing hardships. However, existing research provides limited evidence concerning the characteristics of crises that voters rely on to evaluate the government’s responsibility for or performance in handling them. The present article addresses this gap by providing evidence obtained from a conjoint experiment conducted among British voters. The results show that when voters sanction governments following a crisis, they focus overwhelmingly on the government’s perceived crisis management performance. Voter perceptions of crisis management performance are driven by the severity of the crisis, prevention and relief spending, as well as the behaviour of the political elites. In contrast, voter perceptions of government responsibility for the crisis are affected less strongly by crisis characteristics, such as crisis severity, prevention spending and expert statements.

States have agreed to pursue ambitious environmental goals such as limiting the rise in global average temperature, halting the loss of biodiversity, protecting the oceans, curbing land degradation, and preventing pollution. In implementing these common objectives, some states take measures that have extraterritorial effects. These impacts sometimes lead to criticism from affected countries, which feel that their interests are being violated or neglected. This article analyzes the potential extraterritorial effects of the European Union’s Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) and assesses the complaints lodged by Indonesia against it. It will use the development of the EUDR as a case study to learn about the issues arising from environmental measures with extraterritorial effects designed to implement internationally agreed environmental objectives. It will also attempt to draw some general conclusions on how states can unilaterally advance these goals while respecting the legitimate interests of third countries.