For $N>1$, we constructed a canonical connected fundamental domain for $\Gamma _0(N)$ in Nie and Parent (2024, Connected fundamental domains for congruence subgroups), utilizing an interesting function $W: {\mathbb Z}/N\to {{\mathbb N}}$. In this article, we further study the function W, prove some identities, and use it to match the cusps, with widths, produced by our connected fundamental domain with the known cusp classes of $\Gamma _0(N)$. Furthermore, we list the boundary arcs and the gluing patterns of our connected fundamental domain, a key step in understanding the modular curve $X_0(N)$ by this approach.

Although wage rates are lower when employers have monopsony power, we find that the value of a statistical life (VSL) is not reduced when labor markets are more concentrated. Because the estimated VSL is the product of the wage and the wage-risk tradeoff rate, a greater tradeoff rate in highly concentrated U.S. labor markets produces a larger VSL. The general relationship we find is robust with respect to different labor market data. Our results provide the first evidence contradicting policy-related concerns that the VSL is lower in monopsonistic labor markets. The average VSL is often about $13 million (USD 2022) both for the full sample and at the median market concentration level, and it does not decline at higher levels of HHI.

The emotion triggered by emotion words is usually reduced in a second language (L2) compared with a first language (L1). In L1, several features contribute to the representation of affective meaning in highly emotion prototypical words (e.g., valence, arousal), particularly feelings and interoception (internal bodily sensations). We had English-Spanish L2 users to rate Spanish words on various features to examine whether the prototypicality of emotion words is determined by the same features in L1 and L2. Prototypicality obtained higher ratings in L2 than in L1, in contrast, all the other features had lower ratings in L2. Interoception predicted prototypicality significantly less in L2 than in L1, suggesting that L2 users do not rely on body sensation as much as L1 users when evaluating emotional prototypicality and supporting the theory of disembodied emotion in L2. The ratings provide a database of emotion words in L2 Spanish with new features like prototypicality, feelings and interoception.

Health and care (H&C) actuaries are well positioned to benefit from recent advances in data science as machine learning (ML) techniques have become increasingly transparent and accessible. The ML developments allow actuaries to detect complex nonlinear patterns and interactions that are difficult to capture using traditional generalised linear models (GLMs), without sacrificing the clarity and governance advantages that make GLMs central to actuarial practice. Using a large life insurance data set, we demonstrate and appraise three emerging hybrid approaches: interpretable boosted linear models, XGBoost-informed GLM and an interaction detection workflow. Our findings show that actuaries can improve modelling accuracy, measured by Poisson deviance, by integrating ML insights into traditional modelling techniques, achieving a practical balance of interpretability, expert judgement, and modern analytical innovation.

Las condiciones de inseguridad que enfrentan las y los trabajadores de la educación en México para desarrollar su quehacer en contextos de violencia criminal y alta densidad de actividades delictivas constituyen desafíos contemporáneos que repercuten en las prácticas cotidianas de las escuelas. En la actualidad, ahondar en esta dimensión del trabajo docente desde una perspectiva antropológica y un enfoque etnográfico, muestra qué ocurre con las trayectorias del magisterio y sus subjetividades para lidiar con estas problemáticas cada vez más recurrentes en territorios de expansión del narcotráfico. Al mismo tiempo, nos permite encontrar pistas conceptuales para comprender desde el ámbito de la docencia las violencias originadas por la disputa entre grupos armados que buscan monopolizar las economías ilegales en los márgenes del Estado. El interés del artículo radica en describir el despliegue de un repertorio de violencias en entornos escolares de Michoacán donde ejercen su labor los educadores, así como las limitaciones de la política educativa para atender las problemáticas locales.

We prove the existence of solitary waves in a lattice where all particles interact with each other by pairwise repulsive forces that decay with distance. The variational existence proof is based on constrained optimization and provides a one-parameter family of unimodal solutions. We also describe the asymptotic behaviour of large, fast, high-energy waves.

Cognitive impairment is a major determinant of disability in bipolar disorder (BD) and a defining feature of both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Lithium, a first-line maintenance treatment for BD, is implicated in neuroprotective mechanisms including glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition, amyloid and tau modulation, and neurogenesis promotion. The overarching aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the long-term effects of lithium on cognition across BD, MCI, and early-to-moderate AD using randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence. Online databases were searched from inception through May 2025 for RCTs reporting lithium’s effect on cognitive outcomes in BD, MCI, or early-to-moderate AD with ≥8 weeks of follow-up. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria, ranging from 10 weeks to 3 years in duration. Across four BD trials, lithium did not exhibit consistent improvement or worsening on composite cognitive scores. Three of four MCI/AD trials reported attenuated global cognitive deterioration with low-dose lithium, especially when exposure was ≥12 months. Methodological limitations included small sample sizes, exploratory endpoints, and variable measures for cognitive function as well as lithium strategies. Lithium demonstrates preliminary signals of slower cognitive decline in MCI/AD. Available evidence suggests lithium has neutral effects on cognitive impairment in BD. Future adequately powered RCTs with cognition as a primary endpoint, functional measures, and biomarker outcomes are warranted to clarify lithium’s role as a maintenance treatment in psychiatric disorders and its potential neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases.

Research on the acquisition of language’s logical connectives has generally focused on production studies (spontaneous or elicited). According to such data, parts of the logical vocabulary – in particular, conjunction and disjunction – are acquired relatively late, with adult-like production evident from age 3 for conjunction and from age 6 for disjunction. In this study, we employed the intermodal preferential looking paradigm to target the comprehension abilities of Italian-speaking toddlers of an average age of 28 months, a younger cohort than in previous studies. We collected eye-fixation data as toddlers inspected two images whilst listening to conjunctive and disjunctive sentences and analysed these data with a generalised additive model, obtaining a sequential record of the online, implicit processing of the sentences. The results indicate that toddlers discriminate between conjunction and disjunction and favour an inclusive reading of disjunction, furthermore providing evidence for the earliest comprehension of the logical connectives in ontogeny.

Seabirds are at high risk of extinction, and the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) represents an additional threat. In 2024, HPAIV A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b was detected for the first time in the Antarctic Continent in a dead Brown Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus), and further evidence suggests that not all species have been equally affected. We conducted a survey of HPAIV-related mortalities across 16 seabird nesting sites along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) during the 2024–2025 breeding season. We report a mortality of 35 adult skuas along the WAP and beyond the Antarctic Polar Circle. Eleven skuas from six different geographic areas were sampled and all were positive to HPAIV A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these sequences are closely related to the initial HPAIV A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b reported in Antarctica, and post-mortem findings suggest that the viral infection was likely the cause of death. No other suspected HPAIV-related mortalities were observed in sympatric species. Our findings represent the southernmost record of skua mortality in Antarctica related to HPAIV A/H5 infection to date, demonstrating the dissemination of 2.3.4.4b clade across several localities. The virus is differentially affecting sympatric seabird species and the skuas may act as sentinel species for influenza surveillance.

En quittant Paris pour l’armée en 1939, Marc Bloch laisse sa bibliothèque dans son appartement de la rue de Sèvres. Celle-ci, riche de plusieurs milliers de volumes est saisie par les Allemands au début de 1942 et expédiée en Allemagne. Les restitutions, opérées principalement à la fin des années 1940, ne concernent qu’une fraction de l’ensemble des livres rassemblés par Bloch au cours de sa carrière. L’université de Paris, puis l’une de ses héritières, l’université Paris 1- Panthéon Sorbonne, ont acquis en plusieurs temps, par achat puis par un don de la famille, une grande partie des livres revenus d’Allemagne, soit environ 1 800 volumes. Ceux-ci furent affectés à la bibliothèque Halphen, bibliothèque de travail des médiévistes. L’article replace l’histoire de cette bibliothèque dans le contexte des relations entre Bloch et le monde universitaire français et étrangers. Il vise à restituer l’importance de la constitution du fonds dans l’histoire intellectuelle de Bloch. L’examen de cette partie substantielle, mais tout de même partielle, du fonds illustre les catégories scientifiques mobilisées par Bloch dans son travail. Les dédicaces et signatures permettent d’évaluer l’ampleur de son réseau d’amitiés et de relations dans le milieu académique français et, au-delà, à travers toute l’Europe. Ce fragment éclaire la consistance d’un outil de travail remarquable, construit patiemment, à coups de comptes rendus et d’achats par un savant d’une envergure exceptionnelle.

Public support for judicial independence appears robust on principlein the abstract, but is it resilient? I argue that judicial rulings on identity-salient issues can weaken democratic forbearance by activating racial worldviews that motivate citizens to perceive judges as biased, rationalizing undemocratic penalties. I test this theory using two survey experiments (White and Latino samples) that randomly assign conditions varying the decision direction and the judge’s race. A dual-baseline-design comparing a consensus policy control against a neutral decision shows that disliked decisions move both racial liberals and conservatives from undemocratic penalties’ rejection toward ambivalence. The effects are symmetric within partisan groups. Perceived judicial bias mediates the relationship, but only among those with strong racial commitments.  Among Latinos, the bias-to-penalty process generalizes, but the triggers differ: racial resentment captures anti-Black distancing not defense of White symbols. Findings suggest that public support for judicial independence is conditional on substantive agreement and vulnerable to elite exploitation.

This article examines how Hindu nationalist (Hindutva) political actors in India have strategically co-opted the language of decolonization to advance a majoritarian ethno-religious agenda—one that, paradoxically, reproduces the exclusionary dynamics that postcolonial theory was originally developed to critique. The article identifies three core rhetorical vectors: a “double colonialism” thesis that frames Muslim rule as equivalent to British colonialism; curriculum reform that erases Muslim contributions to Indian history while privileging a mythologized Hindu past; and the reframing of caste discrimination as itself a colonial invention, undermining the legitimacy of affirmative action. Beyond rhetoric, the article traces how decolonization has been operationalized as state policy—through legal reform, changes in the military, urban renaming, and education reforms—to systematically Hinduize public institutions. This article further argues that this recent semantic appropriation of decolonial vocabulary is deployed to legitimize the implementation of old Hindu nationalist ideas.

This article examines how minority groups engaged in armed conflict express solidarity with similarly situated groups elsewhere. While existing research has focused on relations between minorities and majorities, far less is known about cross-minority solidarity in conflict settings. Drawing on an original nationwide survey in Turkey and in-depth interviews with members of parliament, this study analyzes how Kurds perceive the Israel-Palestine conflict in the context of the recent Israel-Hamas war. It argues that although Kurds in Turkey have historically supported the Palestinian cause, recent developments in Turkey and the broader Middle East, along with changes in Palestinian leadership, have complicated this support. The findings demonstrate that cross-minority solidarity is more limited and contingent than is often assumed, even among groups that share a common faith or a history of marginalization. Political ideology, party affiliation, and international alignments play a central role in shaping these attitudes.