Urban farming has expanded nationwide, offering environmental and economic sustainability while providing food sovereignty to underserved communities. However, urban farming poses unique challenges that conventional farmers often do not face. These farms typically grow a diversity of crops, many of which are dependent on insect pollination. While some farmers utilize honey bees for pollination, attracting wild bees with pollinator-supportive practices can also provide adequate crop pollination. Implementation of management strategies that support pollinators can be influenced by farm and grower characteristics. In this study, we surveyed 74 urban growers and evaluated the influence of grower characteristics, such as grower demographics, perception, motivation, resource use and accessibility, and source of educational information, on the implementation of eight commonly used pollinator management strategies and overall farm richness. We also described grower and farm characteristics and the use frequency of various educational sources. Overall, the importance of pollinators on a farm (based on the proportion of high-pollinator-dependent crops grown) did not influence the use of pollinator management strategies by urban growers. Demographic variables (age, gender, farm income, education, years of agricultural experience) had no impact on grower decisions. Rather, growers were influenced most by information source, resource use and accessibility, perception, and motivation. Factors associated with educational source and resource use and accessibility had the greatest impact on pollinator management implementation and crop richness. Specifically, using educational resources to inform farm management practices, city policies, and manual labor impacted grower decision the most. The most popular sources of educational information were hard copy books and field guides, conversations with colleagues and other farmers, and online extension articles and non-profit organization resources. Our findings also suggested that urban growers may incorporate certain pollinator management practices more effectively when utilizing online materials rather than hard copy formats. Overall, this study highlights the need to create and provide more accessible educational materials and resources to urban growers. Historically, these growers have been underserved by agricultural educators; thus, it is critical to incorporate their unique needs and challenges when creating farmer resources related to pollinator management. By more effectively communicating the importance of insect crop pollinator management through educational tools, we can support more productive urban agricultural systems.

Clinical prediction models play a crucial role in advancing personalized care for mental health disorders, providing essential insights for diagnosis, prognosis and intervention planning. This work examines the current methodological approaches used to develop such models, emphasizing their application to mental health problems, including depression. To illustrate these concepts, we used data on prenatal depression from a multinational observational study of 5,372 pregnant women. The goal is to develop an individual prognostic model for depressive symptoms that can be used already at the beginning of pregnancy. Our analysis explores variable selection strategies, validation methodologies and the integration of clinical expertise with data-driven approaches. Particular attention is given to addressing challenges such as population heterogeneity, overfitting and the importance of external validation for generalizability across diverse settings. We distinguish between statistical regression models and machine learning techniques, discussing their respective strengths and limitations in terms of interpretability, predictive accuracy and clinical usability. This work offers practical guidance for researchers and clinicians, focusing on the critical steps for model development and implementation. We highlight best practices to avoid common pitfalls, advocate for interdisciplinary collaboration and address challenges of integrating advanced statistical and machine learning tools into clinical practice. By providing practical guidance and addressing these issues, our aim is to support the development of robust and clinically relevant prediction models.

How do voters react to the individual characteristics of crises following events such as pandemics or floods? In the aftermath of crises following such events, governments may find they are sanctioned by voters, because the crises can provide voters with important information concerning the qualities of incumbents in handling crisis or their responsibility for the ensuing hardships. However, existing research provides limited evidence concerning the characteristics of crises that voters rely on to evaluate the government’s responsibility for or performance in handling them. The present article addresses this gap by providing evidence obtained from a conjoint experiment conducted among British voters. The results show that when voters sanction governments following a crisis, they focus overwhelmingly on the government’s perceived crisis management performance. Voter perceptions of crisis management performance are driven by the severity of the crisis, prevention and relief spending, as well as the behaviour of the political elites. In contrast, voter perceptions of government responsibility for the crisis are affected less strongly by crisis characteristics, such as crisis severity, prevention spending and expert statements.

States have agreed to pursue ambitious environmental goals such as limiting the rise in global average temperature, halting the loss of biodiversity, protecting the oceans, curbing land degradation, and preventing pollution. In implementing these common objectives, some states take measures that have extraterritorial effects. These impacts sometimes lead to criticism from affected countries, which feel that their interests are being violated or neglected. This article analyzes the potential extraterritorial effects of the European Union’s Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) and assesses the complaints lodged by Indonesia against it. It will use the development of the EUDR as a case study to learn about the issues arising from environmental measures with extraterritorial effects designed to implement internationally agreed environmental objectives. It will also attempt to draw some general conclusions on how states can unilaterally advance these goals while respecting the legitimate interests of third countries.

Against the backdrop of empires and neo-imperial legacies, extraterritorial practices that extend domestic law into the jurisdiction of another sovereign state run against the grain of contemporary international law. Even where there is consent to such encroachments, extraterritorial regimes sit uneasily within the receiving state’s legal framework and raise questions about the legitimacy and, often, constitutionality of externally imposed regulations. Yet extraterritorial regimes designed to protect the human and labor rights of migrant workers are now an accepted, if not essential, part of the international legal landscape. A closer look at how these regimes operate in the Gulf region invites scholars to reconsider the structural features of extraterritoriality and their implications for the universal and multilateral ambitions of promoting temporary labour mobility.

According to legal positivism, legality is socially constructed. Traditionally, the view maintains that legal validity is based on social conventions rather than morality. Critics, most notably Ronald Dworkin, argue that it cannot account for theoretical disagreement over criteria of legal validity. In this article, I examine how theoretical disagreement bears on legal positivism by presenting a specific version of Dworkin’s Argument from Theoretical Disagreement (“ATD”) as applied to positivism, his primary target. I review leading positivist strategies for accommodating or avoiding the problem. I then challenge the ATD’s underlying assumption—shared by orthodox positivists—that conventional recognition of valid law requires agreement on interpretive criteria. Instead, I argue that practitioners conventionally recognize valid law in common in ordinary legal practice through closure procedures rather than interpretive consensus. Finally, I show how this account supports a more accurate reconstruction of legal reasoning, argumentation, and practice than Dworkinian and existing positivist alternatives.

This article analyzes Marge Piercy’s Woman on the Edge of Time (1976) as an expression of 1960s political radicalism and a “history-from-below” perspective. The oppression faced by the novel’s time traveling protagonist, Consuelo Ramos – a victim of the “prison/psychiatric state” – and her struggle in support of a possible utopian future are situated in relation to Piercy’s participation in SDS and the women’s movement in confrontation with postwar US political culture. Consistent with Walter Benjamin’s call to uphold the subversive meaning of radical traditions threatened by historical erasure, Piercy explores contemporary acts of resistance as potentially germinal moments in a longer arc of insurgency obscured and denied by “official” history.

Although most Greenland glaciers have undergone thinning and frontal retreat in recent decades, the tidewater glacier Eqalorutsit Kangilliit Sermiat in South Greenland departs from this regional pattern. This outlet glacier has advanced its terminus by almost 2 km since the mid-20th century and thickened persistently with ever-increasing rates, in contrast to neighbouring glaciers. Actively pushed lateral moraines with vegetation and absent trimlines provide visible evidence in the landscape. This study investigates potential explanations of the glacier’s anomalous behaviour, emphasizing surface mass balance (SMB) and reduced frontal ablation. A negative SMB trend and the relatively short modelled frontal response time to abrupt climatic changes rule out SMB as an explanation for the glacier’s behaviour. Oceanic forcing is also considered unlikely due to warm Atlantic water reaching the terminus. Sedimentary processes such as morainal bank shoving or sediment erosion and redeposition potentially reduce frontal ablation or provide buttressing, but evidence is lacking due to limited bathymetric data near the terminus. However, the observed thickening, slowdown and advance is consistent with the modelled response to an advancing terminus on a retrograde bed slope, highlighting the complex interaction between bed shape, calving dynamics and ice flow as key controlling factors.

Traditional approaches to studying paleontological biodiversity have focused on richness, that is, the number of taxa at a given level in the Linnaean hierarchy. While valuable, this approach does not capture the phylogenetic dimension of biodiversity as reflected by its taxonomic structure. This paper introduces a novel perspective in the study of past biodiversity by applying taxonomic distinctness (TD) metrics, average taxonomic distinctness (AvTD) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (VarTD), to investigate the rediversification of marine bivalves following the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Using a dataset of 59 fossil faunas, we explore the dynamics of the taxonomic tree during the Triassic and along paleolatitudinal gradients. Subtropical assemblages show higher AvTD and lower VarTD than tropical ones, suggesting ecological and biogeographic influences on the taxonomic structure. In the temporal dimension, our data reveal an Early Triassic decrease in AvTD and an increase in VarTD, followed by a long-term trend of increasing AvTD and decreasing VarTD that persisted until the Norian. This pattern suggests that vacant ecospace after the end-Permian mass extinction did not stimulate the immediate appearance of a disproportional number of supraspecific taxa, possibly due to the unusual biotic and abiotic environment of the early postextinction time. In contrast, the long-term increase in AvTD that followed this Early Triassic lag phase indicates a low but steady surplus of supraspecific taxa relative to newly evolved species. This observation supports macroevolutionary scenarios in which evolutionary rates correlate with ecological opportunity. However, the long duration of this phase is unexpected, particularly when compared with conventional indicators for “complete” recovery. Based on TD metrics, recovery from the greatest Phanerozoic mass extinction went on at least until the end of the Norian, nearly 50 Ma after the crisis.

Evan J. Criddle’s recent article, Extraterritoriality’s Empire: How Self-Determination Limits Extraterritorial Lawmaking, highlights a contemporary challenge in international law.1 Focusing on unilateral legislation in domains including antitrust enforcement, data governance, and the regulation of political expression, he examines the “new imperialism” at work in extraterritorial practices.2 His central argument is that the right to self-determination constrains states’ extraterritorial lawmaking.3

Current engineering design practices often overlook gender-specific needs, leading to usability deficits and safety risks – particularly for women. This paper introduces a modular framework that systematically integrates gender-specific requirements into the entire product development process. Drawing from empirical studies and existing design standards, the framework addresses four core deficits: biased data, inadequate requirement definitions, low awareness of gender sensitivity in engineering and the lack of integration in existing development models. Structured into five modules – ranging from context analysis to implementation – it offers practical tools for capturing physiological and psychosocial gender differences, aligning user requirements with inclusive design solutions and validating outcomes through gender-aware evaluation methods. Designed for compatibility with established frameworks such as VDI 2221 and ISO 9241-210, the framework enables seamless integration into industrial workflows. It supports more equitable, usable and market-relevant products while promoting diversity as a driver of innovation. Future research will focus on empirical validation and digital tool integration to further enhance its industrial applicability.

This paper presents a novel, independently controllable dual-polarized reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) unit cell for 6G upper mid-band ($7.125$–$24.25\,\mathrm{GHz}$) applications. The proposed unit cell is based on the diagonal placement of mutually orthogonal tunable radiators (loaded with varactor diodes) alongside static dual-polarized radiators. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations of the unit cell demonstrate a phase shift range of $270^{\circ}$, a maximum reflection loss of $4.5\,\mathrm{dB}$, and $61\,\mathrm{dB}$ cross-polarization isolation (XPI) within a $400\,\mathrm{MHz}$ frequency range centered at $15\,\mathrm{GHz}$. Furthermore, full-wave simulations of a $16 \times 16$ RIS panel were conducted for various reflection angles under both TE- and TM-polarized illuminations. The results demonstrate a wide-angle beam-steering capability of $\pm60^\circ$, with a maximum beam-pointing error of only $1.7^{\circ}$. The proposed RIS also exhibits accurate and stable reflection control under wide-angle excitation. A $3 \times 3$ prototype was fabricated to validate the unit cell’s performance. Measurement results agree with the simulations, yielding a $270^{\circ}$ phase shift, approximately $7\,\mathrm{dB}$ reflection loss, and $24\,\mathrm{dB}$ XPI. The proposed RIS is a promising candidate for future 6G communication systems.