To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
The political ecology of historical urban water systems can yield information on the long-term, social organization of resource infrastructure and its management. In this article, the water system of Piacenza, Italy, is examined through its history and the documents of the Congregazione sopra l'ornato, the committee in charge of water management in the city, under the Farnese dukes, from 1545 to 1736. The documents include letters from residents, responses and orders from the committee, tax documents and engineering reports. These records tell a story of a water system and its relationship to the city residents.
This commentary is an update to an article in an earlier issue of Transnational Environmental Law (E. Couzens, ‘Size Matters, Although It Shouldn’t: The IWC and Small Cetaceans. A Reply to Stephenson, Mooers and Attaran’ (2014) 3(2) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 265–78) on the treatment of small cetaceans by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). That article discussed an unsuccessful proposal submitted by Monaco, at the 64th meeting of the IWC in 2012, for a resolution on highly migratory cetaceans. Monaco renewed its proposal in 2014 and, on that occasion, did generate sufficient support for a resolution to give contracting parties to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling a mandate to initiate debate over small cetaceans in other fora. Following this IWC Resolution, in December 2015, the United Nations General Assembly included a clause proposed by Monaco in its Resolution on Oceans and the Law of the Sea. The nature of international law is such that it is difficult to force change without upsetting a delicate equilibrium. Monaco’s initiative, however, may provide significant momentum towards a solution for what remains the real and under-acknowledged problem that there is virtually no international law applicable to small and/or highly migratory cetaceans.
The business and human rights debate has essentially bypassed the media industry. This article addresses that gap in the debate by applying the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to the media. Application of human rights responsibilities to the media in accordance with the Guiding Principles is significantly complicated by the existence of media rights of freedom of expression. It is argued that the application of the Guiding Principles to the media industry leaves significant scope for it to be involved with serious and systemic human rights violations. This conclusion indicates that the Guiding Principles are an inadequately theorised tool for dealing with human rights responsibilities of the media. It may reveal deeper flaws in the Guiding Principles, which extend to industries other than the media. At the least, a dialogue between the human rights community and the media industry must commence in order to work out how human rights might apply in the context of the responsibilities of one of the world’s most important and powerful industries.
Science writer, historian and administrator J.G. Crowther (1899–1983) had an uneasy relationship with the BBC during the 1920s and 1930s, and was regarded with suspicion by the British security services because of his left politics. Nevertheless the Second World War saw him working for ‘establishment’ institutions. He was closely associated with the BBC's Overseas Service and employed by the British Council's Science Committee. Both organizations found Crowther useful because of his wide, international knowledge of science and scientists. Crowther's political views, and his international aspirations for the British Council's Science Committee, increasingly embroiled him in an institutional conflict with the Royal Society and with its president, Sir Henry Dale, who was also chairman of the British Council's Science Committee. The conflict centred on the management of international scientific relations, a matter close Crowther's heart, and to Dale's. Dale considered that the formal conduct of international scientific relations was the Royal Society's business rather than the British Council's. Crowther disagreed, and eventually resigned from the British Council Science Committee in 1946. The article expands knowledge of Crowther by drawing on archival documents to elucidate a side of his career that is only lightly touched on in his memoirs. It shows that ‘Crowther's war’ was also an institutional war between the Science Committee of the British Council and the Royal Society. Crowther's unhappy experience of interference by the Royal Society plausibly accounts for a retreat from his pre-war view that institutional science should plan and manage BBC science broadcasts.
According to rule-consequentialism, we ought to follow the principles that would result in the best consequences if they were generally accepted. These principles constitute the ideal code. My aim is to make clear what the ideal code says about what we owe to animals. I argue that it accords moral status to them: the rule-consequentialist should acknowledge both general duties and special obligations to animals. However, in the ideal code there is no place for animal rights, conceived as deontological constraints. Within the animal rights debate, I conclude, rule-consequentialism is superior to some of the most prominent ethical theories in its agreement with widely shared moral intuitions. But some of its practical implications regarding the proper treatment of animals remain unclear. This point is illustrated by a discussion of what Jeff McMahan called ‘benign carnivorism’.
Tout d'abord, nous tenons à remercier nos collègues de leurs commentaires sur notre article. L'espace prévu pour nos réponses étant limité notre réaction à ces commentaires sera sélective et brève. La question de l'effet de la méthodologie sur la fréquence des variantes dans les corpus a retenu l'attention de nos collègues. En particulier, ils se sont interrogés sur la signification et les raisons de la fréquence relativement plus grande de ne . . . que à Saint-Boniface. Cette interrogation est légitime, car ce résultat pourrait être l'indice du début d'une montée de ne . . . que durant les vingt ans qui séparent le recueil des corpus de Welland et Bonnyville (1975 et 1976) de celui du corpus de Saint-Boniface (1995/97). Étant donné que dans ce dernier corpus la mesure de l'influence de l’âge n'apporte pas un soutien concluant à l'hypothèse du changement, nous penchons plutôt pour y voir un impact de la méthodologie: les locuteurs de la classe supérieure étaient surreprésentés dans l’échantillon et l'enquêtrice n'appartenait pas à la communauté. S'il nous semble difficile de trancher entre ces deux interprétations, il ne faut pas perdre de vue l'effet positif des traits spécifiques de la méthodologie utilisée pour la collecte de ce corpus. En effet, la surreprésentation des locuteurs de la classe supérieure a eu le mérite de fournir suffisamment d'occurrences de la variante pour effectuer une analyse de l'influence des contraintes linguistiques. De plus, les origines françaises de l'enquêtrice ont mis au jour le fait que les membres de la classe supérieure font un usage plus fréquent de cette variante en situation d'accommodation linguistique ascendante. Par contraste, dans les trois autres corpus et dans ceux utilisés par les études antérieures, la fréquence marginale ou l'absence de ne . . . que, en partie imputable à la collecte des données par des membres de la communauté, a occulté ce type d'accommodation. Il y a donc complémentarité entre la méthodologie du corpus de Saint-Boniface et celle des autres corpus. Il a également été souligné à quelques reprises qu'il y avait plus de locuteurs catégorisés comme cols bleus que de locuteurs catégorisés comme cols blancs dans le corpus de Saint-Laurent. Comme nous l'avons précisé, Saint-Laurent est une communauté où le statut social et l’éducation des habitants sont, en règle générale, peu élevés. La forte prédominance de rien que dans le corpus pourrait donc refléter en partie la spécificité de la structure sociologique propre à cette communauté. Par ailleurs, le corpus de Saint-Laurent a le mérite de révéler que dans ce type de communauté les locuteurs qui sont en haut de l’échelle sociale ont un taux d'emploi de cette variante fort élevé et ne se distinguent guère des locuteurs des couches sociales basses. Par contraste, dans les trois autres communautés, la couche sociale haute se distingue nettement des couches sociales plus basses par un emploi moins fréquent de rien . . . que. La comparaison du corpus de Saint-Laurent avec les trois autres corpus, fournit donc une indication de la force de l'effet de la cohésion sociale sur la variation dans le parler de la communauté franco-métisse.
The purpose of this article is to consider the main contributions of Mougeon et al.’s study and to examine the implications of their findings for future research on Canadian French. We first give a brief overview of results obtained, then present a critical analysis of their findings. In our comments, we consider alternative methodological approaches with a view to reflect on how such alternatives would enhance Mougeon et al.’s results and those of future research.
La présente étude est une analyse sociolinguistique de la notion de restriction exprimée par l'alternance rien que/juste/seulement/seulement que/ne. . . que dans le français parlé à Welland (Ontario), Saint-Boniface et Saint-Laurent (Manitoba) et Bonnyville (Alberta). Trois de ces communautés résultent de l'immigration francophone hors Québec, l'autre de l'appropriation du français par les Métis au 18e siècle. L'examen de l'influence des contraintes internes et externes qui pèsent sur l'emploi des variantes mentionnées ci-dessus met au jour les nombreux points communs qui unissent ces quatre variétés de français mais aussi quelques points de divergence. Ce faisant, notre étude dégage plusieurs pistes de recherche pour une étude panlectale de la convergence et de la divergence sociolinguistique au sein de la famille des variétés de français laurentiens.
Le français fait montre d'une diversité impressionnante au plan global, ce qui nous présente un véritable laboratoire sociolinguistique pour l’étude du changement linguistique et de la variation, des phénomènes de contact, de l'aménagement linguistique, de l'acquisition, etc. Par contre, d'après Françoise Gadet (2011:132), «[o]n peut alors se demander pourquoi les chercheurs sur le français n'ont pas davantage exploité une telle opportunité.» L'article de Mougeon, Hallion, Bigot et Papen répond bien aux appels de Gadet en faveur d'augmenter le nombre d’études sur les différentes variétés, ce qui nous permet d'explorer la «palette de diversité» du français (Gadet 2011:132). En ce qui a trait plus précisément aux français de l'Ouest canadien, les articles sur ces variétés sont de plus en plus nombreux, ce qui contraste avec la situation depuis quelques décennies. À titre d'exemple, le livre Le français canadien parlé hors Québec: aperçu sociolinguistique (dir. par Mougeon et Beniak 1988) est organisé en deux parties, la première sur le français ontarien et la seconde sur le français acadien, ce qui tient compte des variétés de français de l'est du Canada, mais pas de l'ouest. En dépit du fait que les variétés de français à l'ouest de l'Ontario sont exclues de ce livre, Mougeon et Beniak (1988:2) remarquent qu'il «est toutefois à souhaiter [. . .] [que] la linguistique du français canadien continuera sa poussée vers l'Ouest». Ce n'est pas par erreur qu'ils excluent ces variétés, mais plutôt parce qu'il y a un véritable «manque d’études sur le français de l'Ouest canadien» (1988:2).
In their article, Mougeon, Hallion, Bigot, and Papen attempt to explain the similarities and differences among four varieties of Canadian French spoken outside Quebec (and New Brunswick) in the use of the restriction forms rien que, juste, seulement (que), and ne . . . que. Mougeon and colleagues focused on the French varieties spoken in Welland (Ontario), Saint-Boniface (Manitoba), Saint-Laurent (i.e., Mitchif French, Manitoba) and Bonnyville (Alberta) (see also Nadasdi & Keppie 2004). Using a variationist sociolinguistic framework, they examined the effect of linguistic and extralinguistic factors on speakers’ use of the aforementioned restriction forms, and compared their results to those reported in previous studies of the French varieties spoken in Montreal (Quebec) (Massicotte 1984, 1986; Thibault & Daveluy 1989) and in Hawkesbury, Cornwall, Northbay, and Pembroke (Ontario) (Rehner & Mougeon 1998). Based on their results, Mougeon and colleagues made hypotheses regarding linguistic convergence/divergence and raise relevant questions for future research. In this commentary, I briefly assess some of the contributions made by this research from a psycholinguistic perspective. In doing so, I raise additional questions concerning the source of the effects reported in the study.
This volume represents a new and exciting initiative for the Journal of French Language Studies: the publication of its first issue featuring a theme paper with comments and a response to comments. Unlike collections of articles featuring independent contributions to a common research topic, this new platform for scholarly debate focuses on a single paper discussed by a group of experts. Rather than highlighting the diversity of approaches, the goal is to delve into the analysis of one particular research question by soliciting comments, suggestions and critiques of the methodology, the results and the possible implications for future research.
Les français parlés en milieux minoritaires au Canada sont probablement les français vernaculaires les plus étudiés en sociolinguistique francophone. L’étude comparée des locutions adverbiales de restriction rien que/juste/seulement/seulement que/ne que de Mougeon, Hallion, Bigot, et Papen publiée dans ce volume s'inscrit dans une longue tradition de recherches systématiques sur les structures grammaticales variables en milieux minoritaires, telles que la morphologie de l'auxiliaire aller (Mougeon et al. 1988; 2010), l'usage des futurs analytique et synthétique (Poplack et Turpin 1999, Nadasdi et al. 2003), la neutralisation des formes masculines de tout (Lemieux et Sankoff 1983; Bigot et Papen 2015) et les formes irrégulières de l'imparfait (Hallion Bres 2006; Papen et Bigot 2010), pour ne citer que quelques-uns des aspects les plus étudiés. La présente contribution de Mougeon et ses collègues à l’étude de la restriction dans quatre variétés de français originaires de l'expansion du français vers l'Ouest de la province du Québec possède, néanmoins, une portée bien plus large que la plupart des études préalables.
JFLS has lost one of its most distinguished editors and friends. Rarely, in my experience, has the death of an academic caused such grief as the untimely passing, on 24th August last, of David Trotter.
What difference do cities make? How the urban – and place more generally – have contributed to historical processes is one of the questions that continually confront urban historians. Should towns and cities be regarded as no more than the backdrop against which events and developments – industrialization, social conflict, war – are played out? Or do cities and urbanism more widely possess agency? Do they (as many urbanists claim) have an active part to play in shaping how historical processes eventuate, why things happened in this way here and that way there? If so, what precisely is the urban variable; how can we define and estimate it?
This note studies the addendum to the Arctic Council (AC)'s 2013 Observer Manual adopted at the Senior Arctic Officials’ (SAO) meeting in Anchorage, Alaska, in October 2015. The amendment means another essential step to systematise further and improve the council's working relations with currently 32 entities that hold observer status in the forum. Compared to the initial manual that sketched out the role observers should play in the council's subsidiary bodies, the latest revisions delineate a framework for enhancing observer participation and commitment in working group, task force and expert group meetings. After reviewing the content and practical implications of the addendum in the context of larger reform efforts to adapt the council to the age of a global(ising) Arctic, the article further discusses a number of signals the Anchorage decision sends to observers. These comprise the council's willingness and ability to quick, unified and purposeful action towards institutional adaptation and procedural reform as considered necessary to address organisational deficiencies, strengthened top-down steering of the reform processes by SAOs as related to the work conducted in subsidiary bodies and the overall functioning of the council, and higher expectations on observers to contribute to the AC system and deliver on the new provisions.