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We examined how relative language dominance impacts Spanish–English bilinguals’ crosslinguistic and nonlinguistic interference resolution abilities during a web-based Spanish picture-word interference naming task and a subsequent spatial Stroop paradigm, and the relationship between the two. Results show the expected interference and facilitation effects in the online setting across both tasks. Additionally, participants with greater English dominance had larger within-language, Spanish facilitation and marginally larger crosslinguistic (English to Spanish) interference effects reflected on accuracy performance. Similarly, participants with greater English dominance had larger nonlinguistic congruency facilitation effects. Our results are in line with other studies finding a relation between linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive control. Correlated reaction time performance between the linguistic and nonlinguistic paradigms suggests that overcoming crosslinguistic interference may be partly based on cognitive control processes used outside of language. Modulations by language dominance underline the importance of accounting for relative language proficiency in bilinguals’ two languages when studying bilingualism.
The effect of heavy doses (up to 200 Mrad) of γ-radiation on the short-range structural organization in montmorillonite was studied using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and solid-state high-resolution 27Al and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). No change attributable to irradiation was observed. A small variation in the water content was noted but it is not systematic. The results show that the montmorillonite structure can accumulate high doses of radiation without damage and therefore this clay is a suitable material for use in the safe disposal of radioactive waste.
COVID-19 has markedly impacted the provision of neurodevelopmental care. In response, the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative established a Task Force to assess the telehealth practices of cardiac neurodevelopmental programmes during COVID-19, including adaptation of services, test protocols and interventions, and perceived obstacles, disparities, successes, and training needs.
Study Design:
A 47-item online survey was sent to 42 Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative member sites across North America within a 3-week timeframe (22 July to 11 August 2020) to collect cross-sectional data on practices.
Results:
Of the 30 participating sites (71.4% response rate), all were providing at least some clinical services at the time of the survey and 24 sites (80%) reported using telehealth. All but one of these sites were offering new telehealth services in response to COVID-19, with the most striking change being the capacity to offer new intervention services for children and their caregivers. Only a third of sites were able to carry out standardised, performance-based, neurodevelopmental testing with children and adolescents using telehealth, and none had completed comparable testing with infants and toddlers. Barriers associated with language, child ability, and access to technology were identified as contributing to disparities in telehealth access.
Conclusions:
Telehealth has enabled continuation of at least some cardiac neurodevelopmental services during COVID-19, despite the challenges experienced by providers, children, families, and health systems. The Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative provides a unique platform for sharing challenges and successes across sites, as we continue to shape an evidence-based, efficient, and consistent approach to the care of individuals with CHD.
Background: The goal of the study was to assess the safety and tolerability of atogepant, an oral, calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist in development for migraine preventive treatment, once daily over 1 year. Methods: Multicenter, open-label trial (NCT03700320). Adults with migraine were randomized 5:2 to atogepant or oral standard-of-care (SOC) migraine prevention. Results: 744 randomized participants (n=546 atogepant), 739 safety population participants (n=543 atogepant). Adverse events (AEs) were reported by 67.0% of atogepant participants; 18.0% had AEs considered related to atogepant. AEs reported by ≥5% of atogepant-treated participants were upper respiratory tract infection (10.3%), constipation (7.2%), nausea (6.3%), and urinary tract infection (5.2%). 4.4% of atogepant participants reported serious AEs that included various, common medical conditions; no event occurred in ≥1 participant and none were atogepant-related. Two deaths were reported in atogepant-treated participants (homicide victim; toxic shock syndrome); both were considered not treatment-related. 5.7% of atogepant participants discontinued due to AEs. Alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase levels ≥3X upper limit of normal were reported for 2.4% of atogepant participants (n=13/531) and 3.2% of SOC participants (n=6/190). No cases of potential Hy’s Law were reported. Conclusions: Once-daily use of atogepant for preventive treatment of migraine over 1 year was safe and well-tolerated with no safety concerns identified.
Background: The goal of the study was to assess responder rates at various times after initiating atogepant treatment. Methods: A 12-week phase 3 trial evaluated the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of atogepant for preventive treatment of migraine (ADVANCE; NCT03777059) in adult participants with a ≥1-year history of migraine, experiencing 4-14 migraine days/month. Participants were randomized to atogepant 10, 30, or 60mg, or placebo once daily. These analyses evaluated ≥25%, ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100% reductions in mean monthly migraine days (MMDs) across 12 weeks and each 4-week interval. Adverse events (AEs) in ≥5% of participants are reported. Results: The efficacy analysis population included 873 participants: placebo: n=214; atogepant: 10mg: n=214; 30mg: n=223; 60mg: n=222. Atogepant-treated participants were more likely to experience a ≥50% reduction in the 3-month mean MMDs (56-61% vs 29% with placebo; P<0.0001). The proportions of participants experiencing ≥25%, ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100% reductions in mean MMDs significantly increased during each 4-week interval (≥50% reduction: 48-71% vs 27-47% with placebo). The most common AEs for atogepant were constipation (6.9-7.7%) and nausea (4.4-6.1%). Conclusions: Once-daily atogepant 10, 30, and 60mg significantly increased responder rates at all thresholds with approximately 60% achieving a ≥50% reduction in mean MMDs at 12 weeks.
Colette de Corbie was one of the most important reformers of the Franciscan order in the late Middle Ages. Looking back at her long career, one has to conclude that she was a natural-born leader, inspiring some of the most powerful men and women of her time, both secular and ecclesiastical, to lend support to her foundations and reforms. This support was monetary as well as spiritual and crossed the “party lines” drawn in the last stages of the Hundred Years War. Together with other saintly personages, like Saint Vincent Ferrer (1350–1419), she worked to end the Great Schism of the Western Church (1378–1417). She lived to see the end of that Schism at the Council of Constance, but not the end of the next conflict that pitted Pope Eugene IV (d.1447) against Amadeus of Savoy (1383–1451), elected as antipope Felix V in 1439 during the long drawn-out Council of Basel (1431–1449). In the midst of seemingly endless war and multiple ecclesiastical conflicts Colette managed to steer a course focused on founding new Franciscan houses and reforming existing ones. It is Colette's identity as a reformist leader and the strategies she used to implement her reforms that are at the center of this essay.
Colette's identity has a variety of facets, some of them contradictory; there appears to be a tug-of-war between acknowledgment of her leadership qualities and efforts to “contain” her in a straitjacket of saintly models, depending on the witnesses we consult. Thus, the image that her biographers Pierre De Vaux and Perrine de la Roche created of her in two biographies, dating from shortly after Colette's death in 1447 and around 1477 respectively, do not always correspond to the testimonies of other people who knew her or to those of the chroniclers who wrote about her. Nor do they square with the Colette we find in her long-delayed bull of canonization in 1807. Her quest for authority – and its success – is depicted differently in all these sources, yet a number of coherent strategies emerge. In the framework of this chapter I can touch only briefly on some of the elements that come together to create our view of Colette as a charismatic and forceful leader.
The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q) is a validated questionnaire tool for collecting self-reported proficiency and experience data from bilingual and multilingual speakers ages 14 to 80. It is available in over 20 languages, and can be administered in a digital, paper-and-pencil, and oral interview format. The LEAP-Q is used by researchers across various disciplines (Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics, Education, Communication Sciences & Disorders, etc.) to provide a comprehensive description of their bilingual participants, to substantiate a division of bilinguals into groups (e.g., early vs. late bilinguals), and to screen participants for adequate or threshold levels of language proficiency. Best practices for using the LEAP-Q include administration of the full questionnaire, consideration of acquisition and history of language use together with self-ratings of proficiency, and supplementation of self-reported data with objective language measures whenever possible. The LEAP-Q can be downloaded at no cost at https://bilingualism.northwestern.edu/leapq/.
Determining bilingual status has been complicated by varying interpretations of what it means to be bilingual and how to quantify bilingual experience. We examined multiple indices of language dominance (self-reported proficiency, self-reported exposure, expressive language knowledge, receptive language knowledge, and a hybrid), and whether these profiles related to performance on linguistic and cognitive tasks. Participants were administered receptive and expressive vocabulary tasks in English and Spanish, and a nonlinguistic spatial Stroop task. Analyses revealed a relation between dominance profiles and cognate and nonlinguistic Stroop effects, with somewhat different patterns emerging across measures of language dominance and variable type (continuous, categorical). Only a hybrid definition of language dominance accounted for cognate effects in the dominant language, as well as nonlinguistic spatial Stroop effects. Findings suggest that nuanced effects, such as cross-linguistic cognate effects in a dominant language and cognitive control abilities, may be particularly sensitive to operational definitions of language status.
This collection of essays pays tribute to Nancy Freeman Regalado, a ground-breaking scholar in the field of medieval French literature whose research has always pushed beyond disciplinary boundaries. The articles in the volume reflect the depth and diversity of her scholarship, as well as her collaborations with literary critics, philologists, historians, art historians, musicologists, and vocalists - in France, England, and the United States. Inspired by her most recent work, these twenty-four essays are tied together by a single question, rich in ramifications: how does performance shape our understanding of medieval and pre-modern literature and culture, whether the nature of that performance is visual, linguistic, theatrical, musical, religious, didactic, socio-political, or editorial? The studies presented here invite us to look afresh at the interrelationship of audience, author, text, and artifact, to imagine new ways of conceptualizing the creation, transmission, and reception of medieval literature, music, and art.
EGLAL DOSS-QUINBY is Professor of French at Smith College; ROBERTA L. KRUEGER is Professor of French at Hamilton College; E. JANE BURNS is Professor of Women's Studies and Adjunct Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Contributors: ANNE AZÉMA, RENATE BLUMENFELD-KOSINSKI, CYNTHIA J. BROWN, ELIZABETH A. R. BROWN, MATILDA TOMARYN BRUCKNER, E. JANE BURNS, ARDIS BUTTERFIELD, KIMBERLEE CAMPBELL, ROBERT L. A. CLARK, MARK CRUSE, KATHRYN A. DUYS, ELIZABETH EMERY, SYLVIA HUOT, MARILYN LAWRENCE, KATHLEEN A. LOYSEN, LAURIE POSTLEWATE, EDWARD H. ROESNER, SAMUEL N. ROSENBERG, LUCY FREEMAN SANDLER, PAMELA SHEINGORN, HELEN SOLTERER, JANE H. M. TAYLOR, EVELYN BIRGE VITZ, LORI J. WALTERS, AND MICHEL ZINK.
Gamma radiation of 3 megarads was applied to undiluted commercial formulations and aqueous solutions of 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 1,1-dimethyl-(3-a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-urea fluometuron), N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid), 2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne), dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) and sodium chlorate. The effect of radiation on herbicidal activity was assessed with bioassays. Radiation did not affect the bioactivity of undiluted or 50% solutions of any of the tested herbicides but decreased appreciably the activity of 100-ppm solutions of fluometuron, diphenamid, and prometryne. Diluted 100 and 10-ppm solutions of trifluralin lost part of their activity during storage in plastic containers and, in addition, following irradiation. It was not clear whether the decrease in activity observed in the 100-ppm solution of diuron was due to irradiation or to storage. No reduction in bioactivity was produced following irradiation of 100 and 10-ppm solutions of DCPA or 1% and 10% solutions of sodium chlorate.
Black nightshade was selectively controlled along with other annual weeds in direct-seeded tomatoes by BAY SMY 1500 applied preemergence. BAY SMY 1500 was also found selective for transplanted tomatoes when applied prior to transplanting or soon after planting prior to black nightshade emergence. Black nightshade control and crop selectivity were obtained with BAY SMY 1500 at 0.75 and 1.25 kg ai ha-1 applied on sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively.
The study explored posttraumatic growth (PTG) and its relationship with the quality of life (QOL), posttraumatic stress, and resilience among survivors of terror attacks over 10 years post-injury. Participants were patients of Hadassah Medical Center, Israel, who were injured in terror attacks between 2000 and 2004 during the second Intifada. Variables of interest were obtained from a survey and patients' medical files. In total, 42 patients participated, 66% were men, and the average age was 41.4 years. Multivariate analysis was utilized to predict PTG from a variety of demographic variables including gender, ethnicity, relationship status, age, education, income, religiosity, and injury/disability type. Additional primary variables of study included current levels of QOL, posttraumatic stress, and resilience. Results revealed that married/partnered individuals had higher levels of PTG than divorced or single individuals. Findings suggest that social support following trauma is important for PTG and should be prioritized in recovery interventions with trauma survivors.
Bilinguals have been shown to outperform monolinguals at suppressing task-irrelevant information and on overall speed during cognitive control tasks. Here, monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ performance was compared on two nonlinguistic tasks: a Stroop task (with perceptual Stimulus–Stimulus conflict among stimulus features) and a Simon task (with Stimulus–Response conflict). Across two experiments testing bilinguals with different language profiles, bilinguals showed more efficient Stroop than Simon performance, relative to monolinguals, who showed fewer differences across the two tasks. Findings suggest that bilingualism may engage Stroop-type cognitive control mechanisms more than Simon-type mechanisms, likely due to increased Stimulus–Stimulus conflict during bilingual language processing. Findings are discussed in light of previous research on bilingual Stroop and Simon performance.
Many Russian prepositions have two realizations, with and without the final vowel. For example, s ‘with,’ k ‘to’ and iz ‘from’ sometimes appear as so, ko, and izo, respectively. Sometimes only the consonant-final variant is possible, such as v(*o) dome ‘in the house,’ s(*o) drugom ‘with a friend,’ etc. Sometimes, both versions are acceptable: v(o) sne ‘in sleep/dream,’ s(o) množestvom ‘with many.’ In some cases, the variant with the final vowel predominates, such as ko mne ‘to me,’ so mnoj ‘with me.’
In this chapter, I investigate the conditions determining the choice between the variants with and without the vowel -o (which surfaces as either [a] or [a], and is called a “yer,” as explained below), and relate those conditions to syntactic and semantic factors, as well as to other aspects of Russian phonology, most notably the behavior of stress.
The discussion below is couched in standard generative phonology (Halle 1959; Chomsky and Halle 1968; Lightner 1972). In this framework, underlying (phonemic) forms are related to surface forms via a series of transformations, also known as rules or processes, which affect the features and segments of the representations. The standard Chomsky-Halle framework is enriched by the theory of prosodic hierarchy (Selkirk 1984; Hayes 1989). The sequence of segments is understood to form a hierarchy of constituents of progressively increasing size – syllable, stress foot, prosodic word, and phrase. In this chapter, only syllables and prosodic words will be relevant.
