Binary droplet collisions exhibit a wide range of outcomes, including coalescence and stretching separation, with a transition between these two outcomes arising for high Weber numbers and impact parameters. Our experimental study elucidates the effect of viscosity on this transition, which we show exhibits inertial (viscosity-independent) behaviour over an order-of-magnitude-wide range of Ohnesorge numbers. That is, the transition is not always shifted towards higher impact parameters by increasing droplet viscosity, as it might be thought from the existing literature. Moreover, we provide compelling experimental evidence that stretching separation only arises if the length of the coalesced droplet exceeds a critical multiple of the original droplet diameters (3.35). Using this as a criterion, we provide a simple but robust model (without any arbitrarily chosen free parameters) to predict the coalescence/stretching-separation transition.

Using natural language processing, it is possible to extract structured information from raw text in the electronic health record (EHR) at reasonably high accuracy. However, the accurate distinction between negated and non-negated mentions of clinical terms remains a challenge. EHR text includes cases where diseases are stated not to be present or only hypothesised, meaning a disease can be mentioned in a report when it is not being reported as present. This makes tasks such as document classification and summarisation more difficult. We have developed the rule-based EdIE-R-Neg, part of an existing text mining pipeline called EdIE-R (Edinburgh Information Extraction for Radiology reports), developed to process brain imaging reports, (https://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/software/edie-r/) and two machine learning approaches; one using a bidirectional long short-term memory network and another using a feedforward neural network. These were developed on data from the Edinburgh Stroke Study (ESS) and tested on data from routine reports from NHS Tayside (Tayside). Both datasets consist of written reports from medical scans. These models are compared with two existing rule-based models: pyConText (Harkema et al. 2009. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 42(5), 839–851), a python implementation of a generalisation of NegEx, and NegBio (Peng et al. 2017. NegBio: A high-performance tool for negation and uncertainty detection in radiology reports. arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:1712.05898), which identifies negation scopes through patterns applied to a syntactic representation of the sentence. On both the test set of the dataset from which our models were developed, as well as the largely similar Tayside test set, the neural network models and our custom-built rule-based system outperformed the existing methods. EdIE-R-Neg scored highest on F1 score, particularly on the test set of the Tayside dataset, from which no development data were used in these experiments, showing the power of custom-built rule-based systems for negation detection on datasets of this size. The performance gap of the machine learning models to EdIE-R-Neg on the Tayside test set was reduced through adding development Tayside data into the ESS training set, demonstrating the adaptability of the neural network models.

It is very kind of you to invite me again to address the Scottish Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and I am glad to do so at this the opening meeting of what promises to be a highly valuable session.

I will not excuse my temerity in coming here to-night for two reasons. First, since I am no longer in direct touch with aviation I do not claim first hand knowledge of detail, my interest in what we all believe to be one of the greatest of modern developments is still unabated. And secondly, because aeronautical progress must be assisted by open discussion of its difficulties, and it may be of value, whether you agree with them or not, to express some personal ideas from the outside angle of a year's private membership of the House of Commons as a preface to your more technical meetings.

Last year the Aëronautical Society kindly asked me to give my views on Military Aviation. I then tried to show the objects for which military aircraft would be used, the results likely to be gained, and the general lines upon which it was expected that progress would take place—in a word, the military aspect of aviation. Airships have now been handed over to the Naval Wing of the Royal Flying Corps and I propose to–night to deal almost entirely with aeroplane work, in the light of a year's progress. I make no excuse for reiterating the strong links which I feel bind soldier, sailor, designer and aircraft constructor in this matter. Rapidity of progress is essential and it can only be gained by cohesion of effort, lack of friction, and mutual understanding. The Service must remember that the aeroplane designer has to live and is not always merely chasing “X” with a slide rule; the constructor, that the soldier is not only pipe–clay and red tape and that there is sometimes method in his madness.

Windtunnel tests on a two-dimensional model of a threeelement high lift system in a takeoff mode indicatethat airjet vortex generators can produce asignificant increase in lift at a given angle ofincidence and a substantial increase inCLmax. An associatedreduction in profile drag is inferred frommeasurements of momentum defect on the uppersurface.

The improvements are much greater than those typicallyachieved with vane vortex generators and cannotsimply be associated with the suppression ofboundary layer separation. Instead, the airjets andthe vortices which they generate promote enhancedmixing and momentum transfer across the complexshear layers above the main wing, from the externalflow right through to the surface. Detailed surveysreveal, for example, that the slat wake is dispersed— or absorbed into a region of greater shear — andthat the growth of the main wing boundary layer issignificantly reduced.

It is suggested that neither the relatively lowReynolds numbers . and Mach numbers of the tests,nor the effects of windtunnel interference, detractfrom the general relevance of the novel principleinvolved. Attention is drawn, however, to the needfor further work to elucidate and quantify the flowmechanisms and to establish the balance between thebenefits from the improved aerodynamics and theperformance costs of installing and supplying thejets.

The Dawn spacecraft orbited Asteroid (4) Vesta for a year, and returned disk-resolved images and spectra covering visible and near-infrared wavelengths at scales as high as 20 m/pix. The visible geometric albedo of Vesta is ~ 0.36. The disk-integrated phase function of Vesta in the visible wavelengths derived from Dawn approach data, previous ground-based observations, and Rosetta OSIRIS observations is consistent with an IAU H-G phase law with H=3.2 mag and G=0.28. Hapke's modeling yields a disk-averaged single-scattering albedo of 0.50, an asymmetry factor of -0.25, and a roughness parameter of ~20 deg at 700 nm wavelength. Vesta's surface displays the largest albedo variations observed so far on asteroids, ranging from ~0.10 to ~0.76 in geometric albedo in the visible wavelengths. The phase function of Vesta displays obvious systematic variations with respect to wavelength, with steeper slopes within the 1- and 2-micron pyroxene bands, consistent with previous ground-based observations and laboratory measurement of HED meteorites showing deeper bands at higher phase angles. The relatively high albedo of Vesta suggests significant contribution of multiple scattering. The non-linear effect of multiple scattering and the possible systematic variations of phase function with albedo across the surface of Vesta may invalidate the traditional algorithm of applying photometric correction on airless planetary surfaces.

How does the demand for lobbying reflected by government policy activity influence the use of lobbying strategies and tactics? The authors examine this question by assessing how the complexity of the policy space affects the political action committee (PAC) system. They hypothesize that the complexity of the policy space indirectly affects the size and activity of the PAC system through its direct effect on interest organization density. The authors test this hypothesis within the health sector using a unique data set that connects individual interest organizations registered to lobby U.S. state legislatures with active PACs in the state. It appears that social, economic, and political measures of policy space complexity influence the size of the lobbying community, which in turn influences the size and activity of the PAC community.

The R-factor RP1, which carried the markers amp neo tet, confers resistance to penicillins by specifying the synthesis of Type IIIa β-lactamase. It was detected initially in a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Sykes & Richmond, 1970) and fragments spontaneously in Ps. aeruginosa strain Ps 18 to give clones which carry only the amp marker. Such clones are said to carry the element RP 1–1 since they are still capable of specifying the transfer of ampicillin and carbenicillin resistance to appropriate recipients in mating experiments. However, unlike lines carrying RP 1, they contain no detectable extrachromosomal DNA (Ingram et al. 1972), and the likely supposition is that the amp gene in these clones has become integrated into the bacterial chromosome together with the regions necessary to allow such strains to act as amp gene donors in mating experiments. It is probably cells of Ps. aeruginosa in which the amp gene has become integrated together with an RTF region that are responsible for the transfer of chromosomal markers reported by Holloway & Stanisich (1971).

The behaviour of Eimeria acervulina in relation to macrophage activity in chickens was investigated by in vitro and in vivo techniques, with special consideration of the excystation of sporozoites and the fate of intact oocysts and sporocysts inoculated parenterally.In vitro: macrophages obtained from peritoneal washings phagocytosed mechanically released sporocysts or previously excysted sporozoites after 30 minutes incubation.In vivo: phagocytic activity of macrophages against intact oocysts and sporocysts in diffusion chambers implanted subcutaneously and intraperitoneally was observed as early as 4 h after implantation. Changes in the oocyst wall (corrugation, thinning, indentation and increased. fragility) as well as activation and excystation of sporozoites in situ was observed 24 h after implantation. Interaction in vivo between the invasive sporozoite and the phagocytic cell was recorded. Disintegration of the parasite was noticed 72 h after implantation.

Heavy infections of E. acervulina result in a depression in body weight of the host, but anorexia induced by the disease is not the only factor responsible for this, since normal birds starved to the same extent did not lose as much weight. It was shown that the absorption of l-histidine and glucose from the infected part of the small intestine was depressed and may be a contributory factor to this weight loss; restricted feed intake alone tended to increase, rather than decrease, absorption.

Energy balances have been determined, using the comparative slaughter procedure, over 3-week periods on groups of laying hens kept at ambient temperatures of 7·2, 15·6, 23·9, 29·4 and 35 °C.

Energy intake declined as the environment became warmer (kcal ME/kg¾/day = 203· 1·13°C); heat production, as measured by the difference between energy intake and energy retention, also declined with increasing ambient temperature (kcal/kg¾/day = 151 – 1·11°C). There was a linear relationship between heat production and ambient temperature with no thermoneutral zone or critical temperature.

The energy available for egg production remained almost constant at 50 kcal/kg¾/day equivalent to a rate of egg production of 82% at each ambient temperature.

1. The resting heart rate of cocks and hens was measured in varying degrees of heat stress, and during acclimatization to heat.

2. When the rectal temperature was below 110°F. (43·3° C), the heart rate varied inversely with the severity of the climate up to an air temperature around 99° F. (37·2° C).

3. At air temperatures of 99° F. (37·2° C.) and above the heart rate was nearly constant over a wide range of rectal temperatures below 110° F. (43·3° C). It averaged about 50 beats/min. less than in an equable climate.

4. Above 110° F. (43·3° C.) there was an increase of about 30 beats/min./° F. (17 beats/min./° C.) rise in rectal temperature. The rate equalled that found in an equable climate, when the rectal temperature reached 111–112° F. (43·9–44·4° C). Over this zone of body temperature the fowls were often agitated.

5. In severe heat stress there was a slight fall in the heart rate on acclimatization, but this was small compared with the effect of climate.

6. In severe heat stress the heart rate during the day was slightly higher than that at night.

7. The relation of these findings to the mechanism of temperature regulation is discussed.

1. The effect of a short, unchanging day-length of 6 hr. on age at sexual maturity and egg production has been observed.

2. The birds matured at the same age as the controls but at a lower body weight.

3. Egg production over 58 weeks was considerably reduced.

4. An increase in day-length between December and August always increased production.

5. A decrease in day-length between February and August always decreased production; this decrease was greater the later in the year that the change occurred.

6. It is concluded that age at sexual maturity is not affected by the absolute length of the day, and that egg production is affected both by the absolute length and by the change in length.