The effects of bread consumption change over time on anthropometric measures have been scarcely studied. We analysed 2213 participants at high risk for CVD from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial to assess the association between changes in the consumption of bread and weight and waist circumference gain over time. Dietary habits were assessed with validated FFQ at baseline and repeatedly every year during 4 years of follow-up. Using multivariate models to adjust for covariates, long-term weight and waist circumference changes according to quartiles of change in energy-adjusted white and whole-grain bread consumption were calculated. The present results showed that over 4 years, participants in the highest quartile of change in white bread intake gained 0·76 kg more than those in the lowest quartile (P for trend = 0·003) and 1·28 cm more than those in the lowest quartile (P for trend < 0·001). No significant dose–response relationships were observed for change in whole-bread consumption and anthropometric measures. Gaining weight (>2 kg) and gaining waist circumference (>2 cm) during follow-up was not associated with increase in bread consumption, but participants in the highest quartile of changes in white bread intake had a reduction of 33 % in the odds of losing weight (>2 kg) and a reduction of 36 % in the odds of losing waist circumference (>2 cm). The present results suggest that reducing white bread, but not whole-grain bread consumption, within a Mediterranean-style food pattern setting is associated with lower gains in weight and abdominal fat.

We propose a general geometric method of derivation of invariant relations for hydrodynamic dissipationless media. New dynamic invariants are obtained. General relations between the following three types of invariants are established, valid in all models: Lagrangian invariants, frozen-in vector fields and frozen-in co-vector fields. It is shown that frozen-in integrals form a Lie algebra with respect to the commutator of the frozen fields. The relation between frozen-in integrals derived here can be considered as the Backlund transformation for hydrodynamic-type systems of equations. We derive an infinite family of integral invariants which have either dynamic or topological nature. In particular, we obtain a new type of topological invariant which arises in all hydrodynamic dissipationless models when the well-known Moffatt invariant vanishes.

The problem of the interaction of large-scale vortices with small-scale homogeneous isotropic helical turbulence in a compressible medium is considered. Averaged equations are derived using a closure procedure which is based on the functional technique. It is shown that the averaged vorticity equation has solutions that grow exponentially in time and which describe the effect of amplification of large-scale helical vortices by turbulence (hydrodynamical α-effect). The dependence of the growth rate on the compressibility is analysed, the limiting cases of incompressible fluid and turbulence δ-correlated in time being considered. The applications of the hydrodynamical α-effect discussed include the Earth's atmosphere and interstellar gas of spiral galaxies.

We develop a new asymptotic method of resolution of the two-dimensional equilibrium equation of collisionless plasmas described by the Maxwell–Vlasov equations. This method differs from the classical one proposed by K. Schindler [Earth’s Magnetospheric Processes (ed. B. M. McCormac). Norwood, MA: Reidel, 1972, pp. 200–209.] since we consider free-boundary plasmas. Our method is a generalization of the usual multiscale asymptotic developments. The first-approximation asymptotic solutions are found from the elimination of increasing and singular terms in the next approximation. We apply the method to the mathematical description of nonlinear structures that may form in neutral sheets. Particular solutions describing localized plasmoids (O-point configuration) as well as X-point magnetic configurations are obtained. We also find more general solutions describing a finite number of ‘magnetic islands’ (multiplasmoid solutions) separated by X points.