Objectives/Goals: The aim of the study is to identify resistance factors for substance use (i.e., factors that explicitly help to avoid or reduce drug use). Identification of resistance factors could inform strategies that seek to reduce the prevalence of substance use and related disorders. Methods/Study Population: Adult twins aged 30–70 years were recruited from the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry. A mixed-method approach, group concept mapping, was used to identify factors influencing participants to resist using substances. Approximately 155 participants produced 97 statements reflecting substance use resistance factors. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling assessed how participants sorted and rated statements for their lifetime and current importance. Factor analysis was used to reduce data dimensionality. Reliability analyses were conducted to identify a subset of statements anticipated to consistently represent each cluster. Results were shared with participants to assess accuracy with their experiences. Results/Anticipated Results: Participants sorted 97 statements into 9 thematic clusters: (1) Controlling Personal, Negative Consequences; (2) Concern About Health and Well-being; (3) Lack of Desire; (4) Outside Influences; (5) Social Norms and My Reputation; (6) Career and Legal Impacts, (7) Avoiding Harm to Family and Relationships; (8) Preserving Family Relationships; and (9) Family and Friends Impact on Me. Participants consistently identified health concerns as an important substance use resistance factor. The statements will be further reduced to represent a smaller subset for future use as a scale to measure exposure to resistance factors. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Health concerns related to substance use were identified as an important resistance factor. This has been supported by research on smoking cessation and implemented in smoking prevention campaigns. Therefore, prioritizing health-related outcomes in prevention may be important to reduce substance use prevalence.

Early detection and active management of invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infection outbreaks are essential. Here, we describe the changing epidemiology of outbreaks of iGAS in England between 2015 and 2019, a period of increasing incidence of iGAS infection. Data on iGAS infections were extracted from national public health management records and laboratory records. Outbreaks were described in size, duration, setting, and emm type. Overall, 194 outbreaks were identified, and reports increased each year, from 16 outbreaks in 2015 to 61 in 2019. The median outbreak size was 3 cases (n = 37; 19%), with 27% of outbreaks recording 4–10 cases (n = 53) and 7% recording more than 10 cases (n = 13). Outbreak duration ranged from 0 to 170 weeks (median 7). Settings of outbreaks changed over the study period, with increasing numbers observed in multiple settings. This study provides new insights into the changing burden of iGAS infection and outbreaks in England.

Bear baiting was a popular form of entertainment in Shakespearean England that was staged across the country but formalised in the Early Modern entertainment hub on Bankside, London. Here, the authors bring together zooarchaeological, stable isotope and archival evidence in the examination of faunal assemblages from nine archaeological sites on Bankside to elucidate characteristics indicative of bear baiting. In doing so, they present criteria for identifying bear-baiting assemblages in the archaeological record of England and beyond, even in the absence of associated documentary evidence.

The Colorado Immersion Training in Community Engagement (CIT) program supports a change in the research trajectory of junior faculty, early career researchers, and doctoral students toward Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR). CIT is within the Community Engagement and Health Equity Core (CEHE) at the Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (CCTSI), an NIH-funded Clinical and Translational Science award. This Translational Science Case Study reports on CIT’s impacts from 2010 to 2019. A team from The Evaluation Center at the University of Colorado Denver utilized four primary data sources: administrative records, participant written reflections, participant and Community Research Liaison (CRL) interviews, and community partner surveys. Data were analyzed using the framework of CBPR principles and the conceptual logic model. CIT trained 122 researchers in CBPR through embedded education within various Colorado communities. CIT Alumni secured ∼$8,723,000 in funding between CCTSI Pilot Grants and external funding. Also, CIT alumni implemented CBPR into curricula and community programming and developed deep, lasting relationships. Further key learnings include the crucial role of CRLs in building relationships between university and community partners and how CIT may serve as a mechanism to improve historical mistrust between communities and universities.

Amid resurgent geopolitical fissures and in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a growing awareness in the sector of the need for, and concern about, national and international collaboration in archaeological projects. This article reflects on present-day challenges for international collaboration in central Eurasian archaeology and furthers a much-needed discussion about (re)integrating local narratives with inter-regional trends in future research. Responsible and practical proposals for bridging collaborator differences in institutional or publishing obligations, language capacities and access to resources are discussed.

Transcriptional changes involved in neuronal recovery after sports-related concussion (SRC) may be obscured by inter-individual variation in mRNA expression and nonspecific changes related to physical exertion. Using a co-twin study, the objective of this study was to identify important differences in mRNA expression among a single pair of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for concussion. A pair of MZ twins were enrolled as part of a larger study of concussion biomarkers among collegiate athletes. During the study, Twin A sustained SRC, allowing comparison of mRNA expression to the nonconcussed Twin B. Twin A clinically recovered by Day 7. mRNA expression was measured pre-injury and at 6 h and 7 days postinjury using Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarray. Changes in mRNA expression from pre-injury to each postinjury time point were compared between the twins; differences >1.5-fold were considered important. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes identified biologic networks associated with important transcripts. Among 38,000 analyzed genes, important changes were identified in 153 genes. The ErbB (epidermal growth factor receptor) signaling pathway was identified as the top transcriptional network from pre-injury to 7 days postinjury. Genes in this pathway with important transcriptional changes included epidermal growth factor (2.41), epiregulin (1.73), neuregulin 1 (1.54) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (1.51). In conclusion, the ErbB signaling pathway was identified as a potential regulator of clinical recovery in a MZ twin pair discordant for SRC. A co-twin study design may be a useful method for identifying important gene pathways associated with concussion recovery.

Adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle may be a useful primary and secondary prevention strategy for chronic kidney disease (CKD). This cross-sectional study aimed to explore adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle and its association with cardiometabolic markers and kidney function in 99 people aged 73⋅2 ± 10⋅5 years with non-dialysis dependant CKD (stages 3–5) at a single Australian centre. Adherence was assessed using an a priori index, the Mediterranean Lifestyle (MEDLIFE) index. Cardiometabolic markers (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HbA1c and random blood glucose) and kidney function (estimated GFR) were sourced from medical records and blood pressure measured upon recruitment. Overall, adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle was moderate to low with an average MEDLIFE index score of 11⋅33 ± 3⋅31. Adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle was associated with employment (r 0⋅30, P = 0⋅004). Mediterranean dietary habits were associated with cardiometabolic markers, such as limiting sugar in beverages was associated with lower diastolic blood pressure (r 0⋅32, P = 0⋅002), eating in moderation with favourable random blood glucose (r 0⋅21, P = 0⋅043), having more than two snack foods per week with HbA1c (r 0⋅29, P = 0⋅037) and LDL-cholesterol (r 0⋅41, P = 0⋅002). Interestingly, eating in company was associated with a lower frequency of depression (χ2 5⋅975, P = 0⋅015). To conclude, Mediterranean dietary habits were favourably associated with cardiometabolic markers and management of some comorbidities in this group of people with non-dialysis dependent CKD.

Recent studies of representation at the national and state levels have provided evidence that elected officials' votes, political parties' platforms, and enacted policy choices are more responsive to the preferences of the affluent, while those with average incomes and the poor have little or no impact on the political process. Yet, this research on the dominance of the affluent has overlooked key partisan differences in the electorate. In this era of hyperpartisanship, we argue that representation occurs through the party system, and we test whether taking this reality into account changes the story of policy dominance by the rich. We combine data on public preferences and state party positions to test for income bias in parties' representation of their own co-partisans. The results show an interesting pattern in which underrepresentation of the poor is driven by Democratic parties pushing the more liberal social policy stances of rich Democrats and Republican parties reflecting the particularly conservative economic policy preferences of rich Republicans. Thus, we have ample evidence that the wealthy, more often than not, do call the shots, but that the degree to which this disproportionate party responsiveness produces less representative policies depends on the party in power and the policy dimension being considered. We conclude by linking this pattern of influence and “coincidental representation” to familiar changes which define the transformation of the New Deal party system.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The aim of this study is to compare intestinal phosphorus absorption in healthy adults and moderate stage chronic kidney disease patients in the context of a controlled feeding study METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants are 30-75 years old and include 10 healthy subjects and 10 moderate-staged CKD patients. Each subject pool will be enrolled in a 9-day study period including 7 days of controlled feeding of a 1500 mg phosphorus diet. Following the controlled feeding, two days of absorption tests will take place (oral and IV tests) utilizing radioisotopic phosphorus to calculate fractional absorption efficiency. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Current enrollment has produced 7 total matched subject (current n = 14/20). Four of the 7 pairs of completed subjects are female and 3 of 7 are black. Preliminary kinetic modeling data from the first enrolled subject show a moderate CKD patient with fractional absorption of 0.375. With forthcoming analyses, we expect that this fractional absorption result will not be statistically different from this subject’s matched pair, nor will each groups average absorption be different from the other. Additionally, we expect absorption to be maintained even with changes in secondary outcomes measures in serum (FGF23, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and total phosphorus) in CKD patients. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Lack of statistical difference in fractional phosphorus absorption between gropus would support that intestinal phosphorus absorption is inappropriately normal in CKD patients compared to healthy adults, despite evidence of abnormal phosphorus homeostatic mechanisms. Future studies will consider the effect of dietary P restriction, the most common nutrition intervention in moderate stage CKD, on fractional absorption efficiency in CKD.

In 2014, the Southeastern Archaeological Conference (SEAC) conducted a sexual harassment survey of its membership. The survey's goal was to investigate whether sexual harassment had occurred among its members, and if so, to document the rate and demographics of harassment. Our findings include a high (66%) level of harassment, primarily among women, with an additional 13% of respondents reporting sexual assault. This article provides an overview of the survey and responses. Additionally, we analyze survey data aimed at capturing change over time in harassment and assault, correlation between field and non-field tasks and harassment and assault, and correlation between gender of supervisor and harassment and assault. We also discuss the effects of harassment and assault on careers. We conclude with suggestions for decreasing the rate of harassment and assault and urge professional archaeological organizations to document sexual harassment and assault to mitigate the effects on their members and on the discipline as a whole.

Early in the history of schistosomiasis research, children under 5 years of age were known to be infected. Although this problem was recognized over 100 years ago, insufficient action has been taken to address this issue. Under current policy, such infected children only receive their first antiparasitic treatment (praziquantel – PZQ) upon entry into primary school as current mass drug administration programmes typically target school-aged children. For many infected children, they will wait up to 6 years before receiving their first medication and significant schistosomiasis-related morbidity may have already established. This inequity would not be accepted for other diseases. To unveil some of the reasons behind this neglect, it is paramount to understand the intricate historical relationship between schistosomiasis and British Imperial medicine, to underline its lasting influence on today's public health priorities. This review presents a perspective on the historical neglect of paediatric schistosomiasis, focusing on important gaps that persist from the early days after discovery of this parasite. Looking to end this inequity, we address several issues that need to be overcome to move forward towards the lasting success of schistosomiasis control and elimination efforts.