Translational research needs to show value through impact on measures that matter to the public, including health and societal benefits. To this end, the Translational Science Benefits Model (TSBM) identified four categories of impact: Clinical, Community, Economic, and Policy. However, TSBM offers limited guidance on how these areas of impact relate to equity. Central to the structure of our Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Diabetes Translation Research are seven regional, independent Satellite Centers dedicated to community-engaged research. Drawing on our collective experience, we provide empirical evidence about how TSBM applies to equity-focused research that centers community partnerships and recognizes Indigenous knowledge. For this special issue – “Advancing Understanding and Use of Impact Measures in Implementation Science” – our objective is to describe and critically evaluate gaps in the fit of TSBM as an evaluation approach with sensitivity to health equity issues. Accordingly, we suggest refinements to the original TSBM Logic model to add: 1) community representation as an indicator of providing community partners “a seat at the table” across the research life cycle to generate solutions (innovations) that influence equity and to prioritize what to evaluate, and 2) assessments of the representativeness of the measured outcomes and benefits.

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.

We examine a turbulent distributed wall-source plume: the flow resulting from a uniform vertical wall source of buoyancy such as that produced by an evenly heated or cooled vertical wall. The vertically distributed buoyancy source is created by forcing dense salt water solution through a porous wall. Velocity measurements on a vertical plane normal to the wall are first presented examining the full height of the wall in order to identify the region in which the bulk flow has become fully turbulent, self-similar and reached an invariant balance between the fluxes of volume, momentum and buoyancy. Simultaneous velocity and buoyancy field measurements are then presented in this region and an entrainment coefficient of $\alpha = 0.068 \pm 0.006$ is determined. This value is small compared to that of buoyancy-driven unbounded flows, e.g. a free line plume, and we reason this to be due to the presence of a rigid boundary restricting meandering and turbulence production, rather than the effect of the vertically distributed source of buoyancy. Turbulent velocity and buoyancy statistics are presented and, in order to gain physical insights into the flow behaviour, the results are compared to those of other canonical buoyancy-driven free and wall-bounded flows. We show that the bulk mixing of distributed wall-source plumes can be captured by consideration of the characteristic vertical velocities and a constant entrainment coefficient. This mixing is inhibited both by the presence of a rigid boundary and the reduced characteristic velocities (compared to those of wall line plumes).

We examine the flow resulting from a vertically distributed wall-source plume in both an unventilated and ventilated space. First, we present experimental ambient buoyancy measurements for an unventilated ‘filling box’ where the developing ambient buoyancy profiles are successfully modelled using an adapted ‘peeling’ model which incorporates results presented in Part 1 of this work. We then present steady-state ambient buoyancy measurements for a ventilated box. Using dye visualisation, it is observed that, in the steady state, negligible ambient vertical transport occurs within the stratified region, implying a linear ambient buoyancy stratification within this region, and we predict the gradient of this linear stratification. Finally, we apply our experimental results to two practical examples. We present a methodology to create a given linear ambient temperature stratification within a room via a prescribed uniform wall heat flux and consider the resulting temperature stratification within a large ventilated atrium with a wall heated by solar radiation.

The Holmboe wave instability is one of the classic examples of a stratified shear instability, usually explained as the result of a resonance between a gravity wave and a vorticity wave. Historically, it has been studied by linear stability analyses at infinite Reynolds number, $Re$, and by direct numerical simulations at relatively low $Re$ in the regions known to be unstable from the inviscid linear stability results. In this paper, we perform linear stability analyses of the classical ‘Hazel model’ of a stratified shear layer (where the background velocity and density distributions are assumed to take the functional form of hyperbolic tangents with different characteristic vertical scales) over a range of different parameters at finite $Re$, finding new unstable regions of parameter space. In particular, we find instability when the Richardson number is everywhere greater than $1/4$, where the flow would be stable at infinite $Re$ by the Miles–Howard theorem. We find unstable modes with no critical layer, and show that, despite the necessity of viscosity for the new instability, the growth rate relative to diffusion of the background profile is maximised at large $Re$. We use these results to shed new light on the wave-resonance and over-reflection interpretations of stratified shear instability. We argue for a definition of Holmboe instability as being characterised by propagating vortices above or below the shear layer, as opposed to any reference to sharp density interfaces.

We present simultaneous two-dimensional measurements of the velocity and buoyancy fields on a central vertical plane in two-dimensional line plumes: a free plume distant from vertical boundaries and a wall plume, adjacent to a vertical wall. Data are presented in both an Eulerian and a plume coordinate system that follow the instantaneous turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) of the plume. We present measurements in both coordinate systems and compare the entrainment in the two flows. We find that the value of the entrainment coefficient in the wall plume is greater than half that of the free plume. The reduction in entrainment is investigated by considering a decomposition of the entrainment coefficient based on the mean kinetic energy where the relative contributions of turbulent production, buoyancy and viscous terms are calculated. The reduced entrainment is also investigated by considering the statistics of the TNTI and the conditional vertical transport of the ambient and engulfed fluid. We show that the wall shear stress is non-negligible and that the free plume exhibits significant meandering. The effect of the meandering on the entrainment process is quantified in terms of the stretching of the TNTI where it is shown that the length of the TNTI is greater in the free plume and, further, the relative vertical transport of the engulfed ambient fluid is observed to be 15 % greater in the free plume. Finally, the turbulent velocity and buoyancy fluctuations, Reynolds stresses and the turbulent buoyancy fluxes are presented in both coordinate systems.

We study the dynamical system of a two-dimensional, forced, stratified mixing layer at finite Reynolds number $Re$, and Prandtl number $Pr=1$. We consider a hyperbolic tangent background velocity profile in the two cases of hyperbolic tangent and uniform background buoyancy stratifications, in a domain of fixed, finite width and height. The system is forced in such a way that these background profiles are a steady solution of the governing equations. As is well known, if the minimum gradient Richardson number of the flow, $Ri_{m}$, is less than a certain critical value $Ri_{c}$, the flow is linearly unstable to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in both cases. Using Newton–Krylov iteration, we find steady, two-dimensional, finite-amplitude elliptical vortex structures – i.e. ‘Kelvin–Helmholtz billows’ – existing above $Ri_{c}$. Bifurcation diagrams are produced using branch continuation, and we explore how these diagrams change with varying $Re$. In particular, when $Re$ is sufficiently high we find that finite-amplitude Kelvin–Helmholtz billows exist when $Ri_{m}>1/4$ for the background flow, which is linearly stable by the Miles–Howard theorem. For the uniform background stratification, we give a simple explanation of the dynamical system, showing the dynamics can be understood on a two-dimensional manifold embedded in state space, and demonstrate the cases in which the system is bistable. In the case of a hyperbolic tangent stratification, we also describe a new, slow-growing, linear instability of the background profiles at finite $Re$, which complicates the dynamics.

We observed pediatric S. aureus hospitalizations decreased 36% from 26.3 to 16.8 infections per 1,000 admissions from 2009 to 2016, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) decreasing by 52% and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus decreasing by 17%, among 39 pediatric hospitals. Similar decreases were observed for days of therapy of anti-MRSA antibiotics.

We present simultaneous two-dimensional velocity and scalar measurements on a central vertical plane in an axisymmetric pure turbulent plume. We use an edge-detection algorithm to determine the edge of the plume, and compare the data obtained in both a fixed Eulerian frame and a frame relative to local coordinates defined in terms of the instantaneous plume edge. In an Eulerian frame we observe that the time-averaged distributions of vertical and horizontal velocity are self-similar, the vertical velocity being well represented by a Gaussian distribution. We condition these measurements on whether fluid is inside or outside of the plume, and whether fluid inside is mixed plume fluid or engulfed ambient fluid. We find that, on average, 5 % of the total vertical volume transport occurs outside the plume and this figure rises to nearly 14 % at heights between large-scale coherent structures. We show that the fluxes of engulfed fluid within the plume envelope are slightly larger than the vertical transport outside the plume – indicating that ambient fluid is engulfed into the plume envelope before being nibbled across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) and then ultimately irreversibly mixed. Our new measurements in the plume coordinate (following the meandering fluctuating plume) show the flow within the plume and in the nearby ambient fluid is strongly influenced by whether an eddy is present locally within the plume, or absent. When an eddy is present and the plume is wide, the vertical velocities near the plume edge are small and hence all vertical transport is inside the plume. In regions where the plume is narrow and there is no eddy, large vertical velocities and hence transport are observed outside the plume suggesting that pressure forces associated with the eddies accelerate ambient fluid which is then engulfed into the plume. Finally, we show that observing significant vertical velocities beyond the scalar edge of the plume does not suggest that the characteristic width of the velocity distribution is greater than that of the scalar field; on the contrary, we show our observations to be consistent with a buoyancy distribution that is up to 20 % wider than that of the velocity. Measurements in the plume coordinates show that the mixing of momentum across the plume results in a distribution for which the differential entropy is close to maximal and the mixing of momentum is uninhibited (i.e. not bounded) by the TNTI of the plume. Furthermore, our measurements suggest that the scalar mixing across the plume may also result in a distribution for which the differential entropy is close to maximal but, in contrast to the momentum, the scalar mixing is strictly bounded by the plume edge.

Introduction: The Canadian CT Head Rules (CCTHR) is the gold standard clinical decision rule for minor head injuries (MHIs) & has been shown to have 100% sensitivity in identifying patients that would have an abnormal CT scan. Within the CCTHR age 65+ is considered to be an independent risk factor for abnormal head CT. However, a previously published Italian study indicated that the rate of pathological findings in otherwise low risk MHI patients under the age of 79 was less than 1% & significantly lower than those over the age of 80, which brings to question whether the traditional age cut off of 65 as a factor in the CCTHR is too conservative when considering the appropriateness for imaging. Therefore this study aimed to quantify the extent to which low risk MHI patients between the ages of 65-79 present with abnormal CT findings or require neurosurgical intervention when compared to patients over 80 years of age as one of the criteria used in the CCTHR is the age threshold of 65. A secondary objective of this study was to explore abnormal CT rates across these age groupings for otherwise low risk patients on anticoagulants. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients over the age of 65 that received a head CT for a MHI in the Kelowna General Hospital ED between 2006-2016. The imaging results for all patients that had no other risk criteria of the CCTHR other than age were reviewed & rates of pathological findings were compared between patients ages 65-79 & 80+ for both patients on anticoagulants & those not on anticoagulants. Differences in rates by age were compared for statistical significance using the chi-squared & Fisher’s exact test. Results: To date 248 patients have been reviewed & meet the criteria of being >65 & with no other CCTHR criteria. 65% of patients were female & 30% of patients were on anticoagulants. For the patients that were not on anticoagulants, 6 of the 75 (8%) individuals between 65-79 & 9 of the 94 (10%) of those over 80 had abnormal findings on CT (p=0.128). Conclusion: Preliminary results of this study population indicate that there are a significant number of abnormal CT findings in patients under the age of 80 suggesting that patients ages 65-79 without any other CCTHR criteria may still benefit from a head CT. Chart reviews are ongoing & updated results including findings for anti-coagulated patients will be presented at CAEP 2017.

The results are presented of an investigation of a particular type of baffle for the production of symmetrical velocity profiles having high ratios of maximum to mean velocity in ducted incompressible flow. Two similar families of profiles are obtained depending on whether a short (12 diameters) or a long (48 diameters) entry length is used before the baffle. The highest value of the maximum to mean velocity ratio obtained is 1·42 and the pressure loss coefficients associated with the use of the baffle are given together with an indication of the effect of Reynolds number.

A scaling theory of long-wavelength electrostatic turbulence in a magnetised, weakly collisional plasma (e.g. drift-wave turbulence driven by ion temperature gradients) is proposed, with account taken both of the nonlinear advection of the perturbed particle distribution by fluctuating $\boldsymbol{E}\times \boldsymbol{B}$ flows and of its phase mixing, which is caused by the streaming of the particles along the mean magnetic field and, in a linear problem, would lead to Landau damping. It is found that it is possible to construct a consistent theory in which very little free energy leaks into high velocity moments of the distribution function, rendering the turbulent cascade in the energetically relevant part of the wavenumber space essentially fluid-like. The velocity-space spectra of free energy expressed in terms of Hermite-moment orders are steep power laws and so the free-energy content of the phase space does not diverge at infinitesimal collisionality (while it does for a linear problem); collisional heating due to long-wavelength perturbations vanishes in this limit (also in contrast with the linear problem, in which it occurs at the finite rate equal to the Landau damping rate). The ability of the free energy to stay in the low velocity moments of the distribution function is facilitated by the ‘anti-phase-mixing’ effect, whose presence in the nonlinear system is due to the stochastic version of the plasma echo (the advecting velocity couples the phase-mixing and anti-phase-mixing perturbations). The partitioning of the wavenumber space between the (energetically dominant) region where this is the case and the region where linear phase mixing wins its competition with nonlinear advection is governed by the ‘critical balance’ between linear and nonlinear time scales (which for high Hermite moments splits into two thresholds, one demarcating the wavenumber region where phase mixing predominates, the other where plasma echo does).

Agriculture is a largely technical endeavour involving complicated managerial decision-making that affects crop performance. Farm-level modelling integrates crop models with agent behaviour to account for farmer decision-making and complete the representation of agricultural systems. To replicate an important part of agriculture in Central Europe a crop model was calibrated for a unique region's predominant crops: winter wheat, winter and spring barley, silage maize and winter rapeseed. Their cultivation was then simulated over multiple decades at daily resolution to test validity and stability, while adding the dimension of agent behaviour in relation to environmental and economic conditions. After validation against regional statistics, simulated future weather scenarios were used to forecast crop management and performance under anticipated global change. Farm management and crop genetics were treated as adaptive variables in the milieu of shifting climatic conditions to allow projections of agriculture in the study region into the coming decades.

A tuberculosis (TB) case was reported May 2008 in Kelowna, British Columbia, leading to a multi-year outbreak in homeless persons. The epidemiological characteristics and social networks of cases are described. Outbreak-related cases were identified from epidemiological information in medical records and from genotyping of TB isolates. Social network information from case interviews were used to identify potential locations of TB transmission, where symptom screening and tuberculin skin testing was conducted. Fifty-two cases that were predominantly male (47/52), Canadian-born (44/50), and were homeless or associated with homeless individuals (42/52) were reported from May 2008 to May 2014. Many isolates (40/49) had partial resistance to isoniazid. Transmission primarily occurred at two homeless shelters, with potential further transmission at sites visited by the general population. TB outbreaks in homeless populations can occur in small, low-incidence cities. Social network information helped prioritize sites for TB screening, thereby improving detection of persons with TB disease or latent infection for treatment.

Streams draining the Cypress Hills support unique and understudied macroinvertebrate communities in Saskatchewan, Canada. Here, we report the discovery of a species of caddisfly new to the Cypress Hills and Saskatchewan, Neophylax splendens Denning (Trichoptera: Thremmatidae). Larvae were collected early in May 2012, and are found to enter pre-pupal diapause in mid-June until mid-September. Larvae were identified as N. splendens by morphological characters and verified with genetic analysis. Its occurrence strengthens the biogeographical link between the montane regions in British Columbia, Canada and Utah, United States of America with the southwest corner of Saskatchewan. This study highlights the importance of seasonal sampling, resolute species level identifications in biological surveys and the use of genetic analyses to obtain this level of identification.