We undertake a comprehensive investigation into the distribution of in situ stars within Milky Way-like galaxies, leveraging TNG50 simulations and comparing their predictions with data from the H3 survey. Our analysis reveals that 28% of galaxies demonstrate reasonable agreement with H3, while only 12% exhibit excellent alignment in their profiles, regardless of the specific spatial cut employed to define in situ stars. To uncover the underlying factors contributing to deviations between TNG50 and H3 distributions, we scrutinize correlation coefficients among internal drivers(e.g., virial radius, star formation rate [SFR]) and merger-related parameters (such as the effective mass-ratio, mean distance, average redshift, total number of mergers, average spin-ratio and maximum spin alignment between merging galaxies). Notably, we identify significant correlations between deviations from observational data and key parameters such as the median slope of virial radius, mean SFR values, and the rate of SFR change across different redshift scans. Furthermore, positive correlations emerge between deviations from observational data and parameters related to galaxy mergers. We validate these correlations using the Random Forest Regression method. Our findings underscore the invaluable insights provided by the H3 survey in unravelling the cosmic history of galaxies akin to the Milky Way, thereby advancing our understanding of galactic evolution and shedding light on the formation and evolution of Milky Way-like galaxies in cosmological simulations.

Surfactant transport is central to a diverse range of natural phenomena with numerous practical applications in physics and engineering. Surprisingly, this process remains relatively poorly understood at the molecular scale. Here, we use non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations to study the spreading of sodium dodecyl sulphate on a thin film of liquid water. The molecular form of the control volume is extended to a coordinate system moving with the liquid–vapour interface to track surfactant spreading. We use this to compare the NEMD results to the continuum description of surfactant transport on an interface. By including the molecular details in the continuum model, we establish that the transport equation preserves substantial accuracy in capturing the underlying physics. Moreover, the relative importance of the different mechanisms involved in the transport process is identified. Consequently, we derive a novel exact molecular equation for surfactant transport along a deforming surface. Close agreement between the two conceptually different approaches, i.e. NEMD simulations and the numerical solution of the continuum equation, is found as measured by the surfactant concentration profiles, and the time dependence of the so-called spreading length. The current study focuses on a relatively simple specific solvent–surfactant system, and the observed agreement with the continuum model may not arise for more complicated industrially relevant surfactants and anti-foaming agents. In such cases, the continuum approach may fail to predict accompanying phase transitions, which can still be captured through the NEMD framework.

Objectives/Goals: We describe the prevalence of individuals with household exposure to SARS-CoV-2, who subsequently report symptoms consistent with COVID-19, while having PCR results persistently negative for SARS-CoV-2 (S[+]/P[-]). We assess whether paired serology can assist in identifying the true infection status of such individuals. Methods/Study Population: In a multicenter household transmission study, index patients with SARS-CoV-2 were identified and enrolled together with their household contacts within 1 week of index’s illness onset. For 10 consecutive days, enrolled individuals provided daily symptom diaries and nasal specimens for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Contacts were categorized into 4 groups based on presence of symptoms (S[+/-]) and PCR positivity (P[+/-]). Acute and convalescent blood specimens from these individuals (30 days apart) were subjected to quantitative serologic analysis for SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid, spike, and receptor-binding domain antibodies. The antibody change in S[+]/P[-] individuals was assessed by thresholds derived from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of S[+]/P[+] (infected) versusS[-]/P[-] (uninfected). Results/Anticipated Results: Among 1,433 contacts, 67% had ≥1 SARS-CoV-2 PCR[+] result, while 33% remained PCR[-]. Among the latter, 55% (n = 263) reported symptoms for at least 1 day, most commonly congestion (63%), fatigue (63%), headache (62%), cough (59%), and sore throat (50%). A history of both previous infection and vaccination was present in 37% of S[+]/P[-] individuals, 38% of S[-]/P[-], and 21% of S[+]/P[+] (P<0.05). Vaccination alone was present in 37%, 41%, and 52%, respectively. ROC analyses of paired serologic testing of S[+]/P[+] (n = 354) vs. S[-]/P[-] (n = 103) individuals found anti-nucleocapsid data had the highest area under the curve (0.87). Based on the 30-day antibody change, 6.9% of S[+]/P[-] individuals demonstrated an increased convalescent antibody signal, although a similar seroresponse in 7.8% of the S[-]/P[-] group was observed. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Reporting respiratory symptoms was common among household contacts with persistent PCR[-] results. Paired serology analyses found similar seroresponses between S[+]/P[-] and S[-]/P[-] individuals. The symptomatic-but-PCR-negative phenomenon, while frequent, is unlikely attributable to true SARS-CoV-2 infections that go missed by PCR.

There is mounting interest in the dual health and environmental benefits of plant-based diets. Such diets prioritise whole foods of plant origin and moderate (though occasionally exclude) animal-sourced foods. However, the evidence base on plant-based diets and health outcomes in Australasia is limited and diverse, making it unsuitable for systematic review. This review aimed to assess the current state of play, identify research gaps and suggest good practice recommendations. The consulted evidence base included key studies on plant-based diets and cardiometabolic health or mortality outcomes in Australian and New Zealand adults. Most studies were observational, conducted in Australia, published within the last decade, and relied on a single dietary assessment about 10–30 years ago. Plant-based diets were often examined using categories of vegetarianism, intake of plant or animal protein, or dietary indices. Health outcomes included mortality, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, obesity, CVD and metabolic syndrome. While Australia has an emerging and generally favourable evidence base on plant-based diets and health outcomes, New Zealand’s evidence base is still nascent. The lack of similar studies hinders the ability to judge the overall certainty of evidence, which could otherwise inform public health policies and strategies without relying on international studies with unconfirmed applicability. The proportional role of plant- and animal-sourced foods in healthy, sustainable diets in Australasia is an underexplored research area with potentially far-reaching implications, especially concerning nutrient adequacy and the combined health and environmental impacts.

[C]o-operative federalism is not a constitutional term. It is a political slogan, not a criterion of constitutional validity or power. ... Where constitutional power does not exist, no cry of co-operative federalism can supply it. If the object lies outside the reach or the effect of what a State or the Common-wealth can constitutionally do, the subject matter is beyond the reach of the legislature.

Co-operative federalism is the process by which the Commonwealth and the States organise for their overlapping constitutional powers to be exercised concurrently in order to achieve national outcomes through consensual processes. Beginning with Re Wakim, the controversial cross-vesting case, from which the opening statement above by Justice McHugh was taken, the High Court has applied a restrictive approach to interpreting constitutional and statutory provisions when cooperative arrangements have been challenged.

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are short-duration radio transients that occur at random times in host galaxies distributed all over the sky. Large field of view instruments can play a critical role in the blind search for rare FRBs. We present a concept for an all-sky FRB monitor using a compact all-sky phased array (CASPA), which can efficiently achieve an extremely large field of view of $\sim10^4$ square degrees. Such a system would allow us to conduct a continuous, blind FRB search covering the entire southern sky. Using the measured FRB luminosity function, we investigate the detection rate for this all-sky phased array and compare the result to a number of other proposed large field-of-view instruments. We predict a rate of a few FRB detections per week and determine the dispersion measure and redshift distributions of these detectable FRBs. This instrument is optimal for detecting FRBs in the nearby Universe and for extending the high-end of the FRB luminosity function through finding ultraluminous events. Additionally, this instrument can be used to shadow the new gravitational-wave observing runs, detect high-energy events triggered from Galactic magnetars and search for other bright, but currently unknown transient signals.

Background: Most individuals with dementia in the UK die in care homes. 70% of these are residential, relying on external healthcare professionals to manage the complex needs. eHealth can help facilitate the delivery of holistic care in care homes, yet adoption has traditionally been faced with resistance. Innovative approaches employing Methods from implementation science are required to promote the uptake of eHealth in care homes.

Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of a theoretically-informed co-designed implementation plan for an eHealth intervention to support holistic assessment and decision making for people with dementia in care homes and their family carers, and to identify opportunities to strengthen it.

Methods: An embedded mixed-Methods study conducted in two residential care homes. Qualitative data comprised non-participant observations of the intervention in use, focus groups and semi-structured interviews with care home staff. Data was analysed using a codebook thematic analysis underpinned by the Normalistion Process Theory. Quantitative data included app usage data and two implementation measures, analysed using descriptive statistics. Patient and public involvement informed development and conduct of the study.

Results: 20 care home staff across two care homes used the intervention with 26 residents. Whilst there was some evidence of adoption, reach within the care home and feasibility of its implementation, usage data indicated that the intervention was largely not utilised as intended. Whilst there was sufficient coherence around the intervention, staff faced barriers related to collective action including workload and incompatibility with practice. Reflexive monitoring was therefore low as individuals could not appraise its impact, which compromised staff cognitive participation. Revisions to the plan related to strategies to provide further staff support, including encouraging family involvement and a more tailored approach to training.

Conclusions: Evaluating feasibility of the implementation plan of the intervention was a vital step in its development. Rapid evaluation and iterative response to barriers to use informed learning and allowed for real- time adjustments to implementation strategies, and a set of updated recommendations for use. Further collaboration on the revised strategies with people living with dementia and their family carers is required.

We study the geometry of tropical extensions of hyperfields, including the ordinary, signed, and complex tropical hyperfields. We introduce the framework of ‘enriched valuations’ as hyperfield homomorphisms to tropical extensions and show that a notable family of them are relatively algebraically closed. Our main results are hyperfield analogues of Kapranov’s theorem and the Fundamental theorem of tropical geometry. Utilizing these theorems, we introduce fine tropical varieties and prove a structure theorem for them in terms of their initial ideals.

Endogenous biological rhythms synchronise human physiology with daily cycles of light-dark, wake-sleep and feeding-fasting. Proper circadian alignment is crucial for physiological function, reflected in the rhythmic expression of molecular clock genes in various tissues, especially in skeletal muscle. Circadian disruption, such as misaligned feeding, dysregulates metabolism and increases the risk of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes. Such disturbances are common in critically ill patients, especially those who rely on enteral nutrition. Whilst continuous provision of enteral nutrition is currently the most common practice in critical care, this is largely dictated by convenience rather than evidence. Conversely, some findings indicate that intermittent provision of enteral nutrition aligned with daylight may better support physiological functions and improve clinical/metabolic outcomes. However, there is a critical need for studies of skeletal muscle responses to acutely divergent feeding patterns, in addition to complementary translational research to map tissue-level physiology to whole-body and clinical outcomes.

In order to study the structure and temperature distribution within high-mass star-forming clumps, we employed the Australia Telescope Compact Array to image the $\mathrm{NH}_3$ (J,K) = (1,1) through (6,6) and the (2,1) inversion transitions, the $\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$ $6_{16}$-$5_{23}$ maser line at 22.23508 GHz, several $\mathrm{CH}_3\mathrm{OH}$ lines and hydrogen and helium recombination lines. In addition, 22- and 24-GHz radio continuum emission was also imaged.

The $\mathrm{NH}_3$ lines probe the optical depth and gas temperature of compact structures within the clumps. The $\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$ maser pinpoints the location of shocked gas associated with star formation. The recombination lines and the continuum emission trace the ionised gas associated with hot OB stars. The paper describes the data and presents sample images and spectra towards select clumps. The technique for estimating gas temperature from $\mathrm{NH}_3$ line ratios is described. The data show widespread hyperfine intensity anomalies in the $\mathrm{NH}_3$ (1,1) images, an indicator of non-LTE $\mathrm{NH}_3$ excitation. We also identify several new $\mathrm{NH}_3$ (3,3) masers associated with shocked gas. Towards AGAL328.809+00.632, the $\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$ $6_{16}$-$5_{23}$ line, normally seen as a maser, is instead seen as a thermally excited absorption feature against a strong background continuum. The data products are described in detail.

Harpetid and trinucleid trilobites share a similar and unusual morphology, the most striking feature of which is a wide, flattened cephalic brim with many pits or holes. This similarity was once interpreted as a sign that these two groups of trilobites were closely related, but in recent years it has instead been assumed that the ‘harpiform’ brim arose in both groups independently. However, relatedness and similarity can be difficult to disentangle in fossil taxa without close living relatives, and this assumption about the harpiform brim has never been explicitly tested. Our study re-evaluates the relationship between Harpetida and Trinucleioidea in order to test a longstanding assumption about trilobite relationships and as a case study in evaluating different kinds of morphological similarity in extinct groups. We inferred a new phylogenetic tree using parsimony methods and discrete morphological character data from a broad sampling of harpetids, trinucleids, and their relatives. Despite their gross morphological similarities, we found that harpetids and trinucleids were readily distinguished in our analyses, a result consistent with a hypothesis of multiple origins for the harpiform brim. By mapping brim-related characters across our new phylogeny, we identified a sequence of morphological innovations that arose in parallel in both groups and led ultimately in each case to the evolution of the harpiform brim. These results indicate that harpiform brims are a prime example of parallel evolution—the similar development of a morphological trait in distantly related taxa that nevertheless share a similar original morphology. In addition, our phylogeny supports the idea that trinucleids are specialized, harpiform asaphids, rather than an independent order of trilobites. We also provide new information on the relationships of the putative ‘basal-most’ members of Trinucleioidea, the Liostracinidae, and confirm recent assessments that this family is more distantly related to trinucleids.

Declining labor force participation of older men throughout the 20th century and recent increases in participation have generated substantial interest in understanding the effect of public pensions on retirement. The National Bureau of Economic Research's International Social Security (ISS) Project, a long-term collaboration among researchers in a dozen developed countries, has explored this and related questions. The project employs a harmonized approach to conduct within-country analyses that are combined for meaningful cross-country comparisons. The key lesson is that the choices of policy makers affect the incentive to work at older ages and these incentives have important effects on retirement behavior.

Background: A vital role of hospital employee health is the management, characterization, and targeted prevention of bloodborne pathogen exposures (BPPE) among healthcare workers. A comprehensive review of a health center’s BPPE over time was conducted to identify areas for improvement and target education and training, given changes in BBPE standard operating procedures (SOPs) over time. Methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted on deidentified BBPE cases reported to employee health at VA Connecticut Healthcare System from 1995-2023 (N=296) using R statistical software. Results: The highest number of BBPE occurred among trainee physicians (N=103, 34.8%, especially surgery and internal medicine), registered nurses (N=60, 20.3%), and non-trainee physicians (N=45, 15.2%). The most frequently implicated devices were hollow-bore (N=103, 34.8%) and suture needles (N=60, 20.3%). Most BBPE occurred during surgical procedures (N=114, 38.5%) or medication administration (N=52, 17.6%). Over half of BBPE occurred during afternoons/nights (N=172, 58.1%). Over half occurred with use of personal protective equipment (PPE) (N=181, 61.1%). The majority of BBPE implicated finger injuries (N=220, 74.3%). Blood was the most frequently reported exposure (N=127, 42.9%), a similar percentage of records did not specifically name a body fluid type (N=121) or whether PPE was used (N=110). In most cases, the source patient was identified (N=282, 95.3%) and tested (N=272, 91.9%). Forty-three sources (14.5%) had positive BBP testing, which included HIV (N=14, 4.7%), hepatitis C (N=23, 7.8%), and hepatitis B (N=6, 2.0%). Most employees presented to employee health for initial evaluation (N=231, 78%) and underwent post-exposure testing (N=266, 89.9%); most had evidence of immunity to hepatitis B (N=246, 83.1%). Eighty-three employees (28%) received HIV PEP (average=1.9 days). Most records did not indicate if this was a first-time BBPE (N=250, 84.5%). No employee records indicated seroconversion for a bloodborne pathogen. Conclusions: Physicians and RNs, those performing surgical procedures and administering medications, and those on second and third shifts are at highest risk and may benefit from additional interventions such as exposure assessment or education. Required recordkeeping has been variable over time. Updated national SOPs have been adapted to employee health, though additional details could be considered for quality improvement purposes, such as duration of employment, level of training, and prior BBPE prevention education. It is unclear if some information such as history of BBPE or PPE use was elicited but not documented – this information could be helpful in management of BBPEs.

While clozapine has risks, relative risk of fatality is overestimated. The UK pharmacovigilance programme is efficient, but comparisons with other drugs can mislead because of reporting variations. Clozapine actually lowers mortality, partly by reducing schizophrenia-related suicides, but preventable deaths still occur. Clozapine should be used earlier and more widely, but there should be better monitoring and better management of toxicity.