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33 results

Page 1 of 2

  • Student Anxiety and Its Impact: A Recent American History

  • Peter N. Stearns
  • Journal:
    History of Education Quarterly / Volume 63 / Issue 2 / May 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 April 2023, pp. 271-297
    Print publication:
    May 2023

  • This article traces the rise of anxiety among American high school and college students since the late 1950s, with particular focus on the decades before 2000. Evidence for rates of change comes from anxiety tests administered during the period, as well as a variety of psychological studies. The article also takes up the issue of causation, highlighting the extension of counseling services and psychological vocabulary that affected evaluations of nervousness; the impact of negative developments like crime rates and growing family instability; and the results both of changes in educational patterns—such as more frequent examinations—and significant shifts in student goals and expectations. Finally, the article touches on efforts to mitigate anxiety, such as expanding student services, and also their limited impact.

  • 3 - The family in modern world history

  • from Part I - Social developments
  • Edited by J. R. McNeill, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Kenneth Pomeranz, University of Chicago
  • Book:
    The Cambridge World History
    Published online:
    05 May 2015
    Print publication:
    16 April 2015, pp 58-83

  • Summary

    World history developments in the middle decades of the twentieth century, headed by wars and the major communist revolutions, had important results for family life in many regions. Imperialism, however, that brought the clearest interaction between Western industrial nations and other world regions during the nineteenth century. In the twenty-first century it was estimated that 15 million children had been killed in war and civil strife during the final three decades of the twentieth century alone, with many others orphaned or wounded. Unprecedented global declarations of human rights had important implications, particularly for the position of women and children in the family, and they were supported not only by United Nations agencies but also the host of international Non-Governmental Organizations that began to proliferate from the foundation of Amnesty International, in 1961, onward. Many traditional institutions have virtually disappeared amid the currents of change in modern world history. Families help translate global trends into most personal aspects of modern life.

  • Measuring the Evolution of Strike Movements

  • Peter N. Stearns
  • Journal:
    International Review of Social History / Volume 19 / Issue 1 / April 1974
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 December 2008, pp. 1-27
    • Article
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  • Strike activity is clearly the least studied aspect of the history of labor movements, yet it may be the most revealing index of the situation and outlook of actual workers. Moreover strike activity has an important history of its own, related to but not described by the history of organized labor. Strikes have evolved. Various groups of workers developed an ability to mount new kinds of strikes at different times. In order to grasp this evolution we need some clear means of measurement. What follows is an effort to suggest some criteria, many of them obvious enough. The essay results from an ongoing study of workers in France, Belgium, Germany and Britain in the two decades before World War I. But while examples are chosen primarily from this area and period, the effort is meant to be quite open-ended. There is no need to expect uniform patterns of strike activity in a given stage of industrialization; but there is every reason to hope that sufficiently general standards of measurement can be developed to measure key differences and to specify problems that require deeper study in terms of fundamental causation.

  • 7 - Fathers and child rearing

  • Edited by Glen H. Elder, Jr, John Modell, Ross D. Parke
  • Book:
    Children in Time and Place
    Published online:
    03 May 2011
    Print publication:
    29 January 1993, pp 147-170

  • Summary

    There is still the widespread belief that a man does not belong at home taking care of children.

    James A. Levine (1976, p. 153)

    Fatherhood, long a neglected subject in scholarly and popular discussions of child rearing, has been treated to a substantial reevaluation during the past 15 years. The contributions of fathers to child development now seem more important and more varied than was assumed in the long heyday of maternalism. This reassessment has coincided with unquestionable new needs for changes in parental balance, given women's characteristic work commitments, and with some measurable shifts in parental procedures such as paternal presence at childbirth.

    These varied developments have won an approving chorus from many family experts that may at points verge on the uncritical. They also carry interesting historical implications, as the undeniable reevaluations by experts may be extended to a larger scenario in which a century or more of paternal eclipse yields to revolutionary new patterns of fathering by the 1960s or 1970s. Assumptions about widespread change have not yet been subjected to extensive historical scrutiny, yet each scrutiny is essential to place the recent findings about fatherhood's potential into clearer perspective. The need for establishing historical trend and for situating current beliefs is to discover not only what fathers can or should do (or could or should have done) but what actually goes on and how current practice flows from past precedent.

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