Threat sensitivity, an individual difference construct reflecting variation in responsiveness to threats of various types, predicts physiological reactivity to aversive stimuli and shares heritable variance with anxiety disorders in adults. However, no research has been conducted yet with youth to examine the heritability of threat sensitivity or evaluate the role of genetic versus environmental influences in its relations with mental health problems. The current study addressed this gap by evaluating the psychometric properties of a measure of this construct, the 20-item Trait Fear scale (TF-20), and examining its phenotypic and genotypic correlations with different forms of psychopathology in a sample of 346 twin pairs (121 monozygotic), aged 9–14 years. Analyses revealed high internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the TF-20. Evidence was also found for its convergent and discriminant validity in terms of phenotypic and genotypic correlations with measures of fear-related psychopathology. By contrast, the TF-20’s associations with depressive conditions were largely attributable to environmental influences. Extending prior work with adults, current study findings provide support for threat sensitivity as a genetically-influenced liability for phobic fear disorders in youth.

Objectives/Goals: The neighborhoods children grow up in are critical drivers of social, emotional, and cognitive development. This study utilized factor scores of environment, education, and socioeconomic variables in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) and its association with cognitive functioning in youth. Methods/Study Population: This study used ABCD (n  =  9,543) linked external data, cognitive performance, and self-reported data from youth (ages 9–10) and their caregivers. We utilized four factor scores of the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI), including socioeconomic attainment, poverty, neighborhood enrichment, and child education. Furthermore, this study investigated the association between the COI factors and youth cognitive functioning via the NIH Toolbox. Covariates included age, sex, county level crime rates, perceptions of neighborhood threat, parent education, and family income; site and family relationship were held as random effects. Results/Anticipated Results: Increased Socioeconomic Attainment and Child Education factor scores were distinctly associated with increased cognitive performance across all subscales and composite scores that include aspects of overall cognitive ability, executive functioning, and learning and memory. Increased poverty factor scores were significantly associated with decreased cognitive performance across all substances and composite scores. Finally, increased neighborhood enrichment factor scores were significantly associated with increased oral reading recognition task scores only and no other cognitive task. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Findings suggest distinct dimensions of neighborhood opportunity associated with aspects of cognition. The present study can help to inform public health efforts and policy on improving modifiable built and natural environmental structures that may aid in supporting cognitive development.

Fluridone was registered for use in rice production in 2023, offering a new herbicide site of action for growers. However, little information is available on the degree of rice tolerance to this herbicide. Field experiments conducted in 2022 and replicated in 2023 near Colt, AR, evaluated the tolerance of 12 rice cultivars to fluridone, applied preemergence or at the 3-leaf growth stage, in separate experiments. Each experiment consisted of one cultivar. Fluridone rates included 0, 168 (1 × label rate), and 336 (2 × label rate) g ai ha−1 in all experiments. Visible injury varied between years in all experiments, likely due to different environmental conditions. In 2022, injury following preemergence applications of fluridone was below 25% across cultivars. In contrast, in 2023, injury ≥30% occurred to five cultivars, with a maximum of 58% observed for the cultivar ‘DG263L’. In both years, only three cultivars exhibited injury ≥20% following fluridone applications at the 3-leaf stage. Fluridone negatively affected shoot density, groundcover, chlorophyll content, and days to 50% heading in most cultivars when applied preemergence. When fluridone was applied to 3-leaf rice, at least one of the variables evaluated was negatively affected in two and nine cultivars in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Grain yield reductions of at least 18% were observed from eight cultivars in 2022, and a grain yield decrease from 9% to 49% from eight cultivars occurred in 2023 in the preemergence experiments. Fluridone applied to rice at the 3-leaf stage did not cause a yield penalty to any cultivar in 2022, whereas in 2023, a yield loss occurred from eight cultivars. Yield loss from the DG263L cultivar occurred at the 1 × rate in both experiments, indicating that this cultivar appears to be sensitive to fluridone, regardless of the application timing. Based on these findings, fluridone tolerance is cultivar-dependent. Furthermore, preemergence applications of fluridone to rice should be avoided.

Glufosinate resistance was previously confirmed in three Palmer amaranth accessions from Arkansas (MSR1, MSR2, and CCR). Greenhouse screening results suggested the presence of multiple herbicide resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the postemergence resistance profile of these three glufosinate-resistant Palmer amaranth accessions. Field experiments were also conducted to assess preemergence and postemergence herbicide options to control the accession with the highest glufosinate resistance level (MSR2). A dose-response assay with the three resistant accessions and two susceptible standards was conducted with the herbicides 2,4-D, atrazine, dicamba, diuron, fomesafen, glyphosate, imazethapyr, and mesotrione. The preemergence and postemergence field experiments with MSR2 evaluated 15 and 16 single active ingredients, respectively. The Palmer amaranth accessions that carried glufosinate resistance were also confirmed to be resistant to six other postemergence herbicides: 2,4-D, diuron, fomesafen, glyphosate, imazethapyr, and mesotrione. CCR is also resistant to dicamba. Therefore, accessions MSR1, MSR2, and CCR have evolved resistance to postemergence herbicides pertaining to seven sites of action. A shift toward increased tolerance to atrazine has also been observed among all resistant accessions. Overall, field preemergence treatments with atrazine, pyroxasulfone, or trifludimoxazin obtained the highest MSR2 control levels at all evaluation times and the lowest number of seedlings emerging at 3 and 6 wk after treatment. In the postemergence experiment, only paraquat obtained MSR2 control levels above 90% at all ratings. The lowest number of alive MSR2 plants was observed after postemergence treatments with paraquat or trifludimoxazin. Fields near where glufosinate resistance has been confirmed in Palmer amaranth will likely demand a more diverse and proactive management strategy that relies on combinations of chemical, cultural, and mechanical control tactics. Future efforts should focus on sequential applications and mixture, the elucidation of all resistance mechanisms in the evaluated accessions, and soil-applied dose-response.

Impact dynamics have long fascinated due to their ubiquity in everyday phenomena, from rain droplets splashing on windscreens to stone-skimming on the surface of the ocean. Impacts are characterized by rapid changes over disparate length scales, which make them expensive or sensitive to capture experimentally and computationally. Here, reduced mathematical models come to the fore, offering a way to get significant physical insight at reduced cost. In this volume, Phillips & Milewski (J. Fluid Mech., 2024) develop a mathematical model allowing for air–water interactions in the low-impact speed regime, in which an impactor bounces or rebounds rather than splashes. Their model offers a reliable way to capture air effects in bouncing, with a range of potential applications including hydrodynamic-quantum analogues and biomimetic water walkers.

This article is situated within the framework of a definition of curation of new music that includes, in addition to the choice of pieces, venues and players, the active choice of specific tools and roles that will be filled by people, roles that have rich traditions and expectations and are thus ripe for instrumentalisation. In earlier research we have demonstrated that the roles of musicians within new music have been instrumentalised, and in this article we aim to better understand the musicians’ response. One such observable response has been dubbed by artist–researchers Håkon Stene and Louise Devenish as ‘post-instrumental practice’. In this article we will discuss how and where we also observe this trend. We then test its sustainability through in-depth interviews with venue organisers and artistic directors as well as analysing funding and employers’ organisations’ published policies on socially and economically sustainable practices.

The Students Participating as Ambassadors for Research in Kentucky (SPARK) program provides novel health equity research training and targeted mentorship for undergraduates, particularly those from groups underrepresented in the biomedical and behavioral research and workforce. SPARK aims to address inadequate diversity in the medical and scientific research fields by providing comprehensive research mentorship and skill-building. Unlike most existing research training programs that are brief, focus on laboratory research, or are limited to graduate students and junior faculty, SPARK delivers a 16-month intensive behavioral and population health science training, equipping students with needed tools to conceptualize, plan, execute, and analyze their own health equity research study. Trainees complete didactic coursework on health equity, study design and proposal development, data analysis, and ethics. Students receive a stipend and research expenses, and multiple mentors guide them in creating original research projects for which they serve as Principal Investigator. Students disseminate their findings annually at an academic research conference as a capstone. Evaluation data from the first three cohorts suggest SPARK has been pivotal in preparing students for graduate studies and research careers in health equity and behavioral and population health sciences, providing strong support for further investments in similar undergraduate research training models.

The diets of children in the UK are suboptimal(1), which may influence their immediate and future health and well-being(2). Schools offer convenient and prolonged access to children from diverse backgrounds, thus interventions within this setting have been suggested as a means to promote diet and health outcomes among this population(3). This study explored the effects of Project Daire(4), a school-based food intervention, on children’s diet diversity and diet quality as well as their attitudes towards health behaviours.

A factorial design cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted. Fifteen primary schools in Northern Ireland were randomized into one of four 6-month intervention arms: Nourish, Engage, Nourish and Engage or Control (Delayed). The Nourish intervention modified the school food environment, provided food-related experiences and increased access to local foods. The Engage intervention included educational activities on nutrition, food and agriculture. Data on food consumption at home, school and/or in total over a 24-hour period were collected using ageappropriate food frequency questionnaires at baseline, with follow-up at 6-months. Diet diversity score (DDS) and diet quality score (DQS) were developed based on adherence to the Eatwell Guide. Additionally, a Health Attitudes and Behaviour measure assessed 10-11 year old children’s attitudes towards importance of various health behaviours at both time points. Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine intervention effects and to account for school clustering.

A total of 445 children aged 6-7 and 458 aged 10-11 years old completed the trial. Results indicated that children aged 10-11 year old who received the Nourish intervention demonstrated higher school DDS (adjusted mean difference=2.79, 95% CI 1.40 – 4.19; p = 0.001) and total DDS (adjusted mean difference=1.55, 95% CI 0.66 – 2.43, p = 0.002) compared to their counterparts who did not. Subgroup analyses revealed that the increases in school DDS among 10-11 year old children in the Nourish group were apparent in both boys and girls (Boys: adjusted mean difference=2.4 95% CI 0.1 – 4.7, p = 0.04; Girls: adjusted mean difference=3.1 95% CI 1.6 – 4.6, p = 0.001). However, the increase in total DDS remained statistically significant only among girls, with an adjusted mean difference of 1.9 (95% CI 1.1-2.7, p<0.001). No statistically significant changes in DQS were detected in either age group. High levels of positive attitudes towards health behaviours were observed at baseline, with no clinically significant effects of either the Nourish or Engage interventions detected during the follow-up period.

The multi-component approach of the Nourish intervention, addressing both food provision and environment, showed promise in promoting diet diversity. Further research is warranted to develop sustainable implementation strategies for Daire, to explore additional intervention components to impact other outcomes, including diet quality, and to evaluate long-term effectiveness.

Flumioxazin and S-metolachlor are widely used in conventional sweetpotato production in North Carolina and other states; however, some growers have recently expressed concerns about potential effects of these herbicides on sweetpotato yield and quality. Previous research indicates that activated charcoal has the potential to reduce herbicide injury. Field studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to determine whether flumioxazin applied preplant and S-metolachlor applied before and after transplanting negatively affect sweetpotato yield and quality when activated charcoal is applied with transplant water. The studies evaluated five herbicide treatments and two activated charcoal treatments. Herbicide treatments included two flumioxazin rates, one S-metolachlor rate applied immediately before and immediately after transplanting, and no herbicide. Charcoal treatments consisted of activated charcoal applied at 9 kg ha−1, and no charcoal. No visual injury from herbicides or charcoal was observed. Likewise, no effect of herbicide or charcoal treatment on no. 1, marketable (sum of no. 1 and jumbo grades), or total yield (sum of canner, no. 1, and jumbo grades) was observed. Additionally, shape analysis conducted on calculated length-to-width ratio (LWR) for no. 1 sweetpotato roots found no effect from flumioxazin at either rate on sweetpotato root shape. However, both S-metolachlor treatments resulted in lower LWR of no. 1 sweetpotato roots in 2021. Results are consistent with prior research and indicate that flumioxazin and S-metolachlor are safe for continued use on sweetpotato at registered rates.

Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are disproportionately affected by diet-related disease such as type 2 diabetes, the rate of which is 20 fold higher than that of non-Indigenous young Australians(1). Before colonisation, Gomeroi and other First Nations people harvested, threshed and ground native grass seeds with water into a paste before cooking(2). The introduction of white refined flour has meant that time-consuming grass seed processing has mainly ceased, and native grains are no longer eaten habitually. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 10% incorporation of two native grain flours on postprandial blood glucose response and Glycemic Index (GI). Five male and five female subjects, with a mean age of 30 ± 0.9 and BMI of 21.6 ± 0.4 and normoglycemic, participated in GI testing of three flour + water pancake compositions matched for available carbohydrate: 100% wheat (Wheat) and 90% wheat:10% native grains (Native_a and Native_b). Effect on satiety was determined using subjective ratings of hunger/fullness over the time course of the GI testing. In comparison to the plain flour pancake, replacing 10% plain wheat flour with Native_b flour significantly reduced the GI by 28.8% from 73 ± 5 to 48 ± 5, having a profound effect on postprandial blood glucose levels in 9 of 10 subjects (p<0.05, paired t-test). The GI of 10% Native_a flour pancake was not different from 100% wheat flour pancake (75 ± 5). Satiety tended to be greater when native grains were incorporated but this study was not powered to detect effect on satiety. In conclusion, replacing only 10% of plain wheat flour with Native_b flour was sufficient to significantly reduce the blood glycemic response to the pancake. This replacement could be easily implemented for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. For Aboriginal people with access to grain Country, the nutritional health benefits associated with eating native grains, as well as the cultural benefits of caring for Country, will have a direct transformational impact on local communities. Our vision is to revitalise Gomeroi grains and to guide a sustainable Indigenous-led industry to heal Country and people through co-designed research.

The oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by K-birnessite was examined at different temperatures, pHs, and birnessite/As(III) ratios. Experiments ranged in duration from 5 to 64 hr, and solution and solid products were determined at several intervals. All experiments showed that the reaction produced large amounts of K+ to solution and very little Mn2+. As(V) was released to solution and incorporated into the K-birnessite. The oxidation was initially rapid and then slowed. The oxidation of As(III) was probably facilitated initially by autocatalytic Mn-As(V) reactions occurring mostly in the interlayer, in which large amounts of As(V) and K+ could be easily released to solution. The reaction also slowed when interlayer Mn was exhausted by forming Mn-As(V) complexes. Mn(IV) could only be acquired from the octahedral sheets of the birnessite. The two-stage reaction process proposed here depended on the layered structure of birnessite, the specific surface, and presence of exchangeable cations in K-birnessite.

Little research has explored relationships between prenatal substance use policies and rates of maternal mortality across all 50 states, despite evidence that prenatal substance use elevates risk of maternal death. This study, utilizing publicly available data, revealed that state-level mandated testing laws predicted maternal mortality after controlling for population characteristics.