OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: (1) To evaluate clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with and without fever. We hypothesize that, after adjusting for confounding factors such as age and severity of illness: (a) In septic patients, fever will be associated with improved clinical outcomes. (b) In nonseptic patients, fever will be associated with worse clinical outcomes. (2) To examine the relationship between antipyretics and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients at risk for an acute lung injury. We hypothesize that antipyretics will have no effect on clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with and without sepsis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This is a retrospective study of a “before and after” observational cohort of 1705 patients with acute initiation of mechanical ventilation in the Emergency Department from September 2009 to March 2016. Data were collected retrospectively on the first 72 hours of temperature and antipyretic medication from the EHR. Temperatures measurements were adjusted based on route of measurement. Patients intubated for cardiac arrest or brain injury were excluded from our primary analysis due to the known damage of hyperthermia in these subsets. Cox proportional hazard models and multivariable linear regression analyzed time-to-event and continuous outcomes, respectively. Predetermined patient demographics were entered into each multivariable model using backward and forward stepwise regression. Models were assessed for collinearity and residual plots were used to assure each model met assumptions. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Antipyretic administration is currently undergoing analysis. Initial temperature results are reported here. In the overall group, presence of hypothermia or fever within 72 hours of intubation compared with normothermia conferred a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.95 (95% CI: 1.48–2.56) and 1.31 (95% CI: 0.97–1.78), respectively. Presence of hypothermia and fever reduced hospital free days by 3.29 (95% CI: 2.15–4.42) and 2.34 (95% CI: 1.21–3.46), respectively. In our subgroup analysis of patients with sepsis, HR for 28-day mortality 2.57 (95% CI: 1.68–3.93) for hypothermia. Fever had no effect on mortality (HR 1.11, 95% CI: 0.694–1.76). Both hypothermia and fever reduced hospital free days by 5.39 (95% CI: 4.33–7.54) and 3.98 (95% CI: 2.46–5.32) days, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: As expected, both hypothermia and fever increased 28-day mortality and decreased hospital free days. In our sepsis subgroup, hypothermia again resulted in higher mortality and fewer hospital free days, while fever did not have a survival benefit or cost, but reduced hospital free days. Antipyretic administration complicates these findings, as medication may mask fever or exert an effect on survival. Fever may also affect mechanically ventilated septic patients differently than septic patients not on mechanical ventilation. Continued analysis of this data including antipyretic administration, ventilator free days and progression to ARDS will address these questions.

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) are sites identified as being globally important for the conservation of bird populations on the basis of an internationally agreed set of criteria. We present the first review of the development and spread of the IBA concept since it was launched by BirdLife International (then ICBP) in 1979 and examine some of the characteristics of the resulting inventory. Over 13,000 global and regional IBAs have so far been identified and documented in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems in almost all of the world’s countries and territories, making this the largest global network of sites of significance for biodiversity. IBAs have been identified using standardised, data-driven criteria that have been developed and applied at global and regional levels. These criteria capture multiple dimensions of a site’s significance for avian biodiversity and relate to populations of globally threatened species (68.6% of the 10,746 IBAs that meet global criteria), restricted-range species (25.4%), biome-restricted species (27.5%) and congregatory species (50.3%); many global IBAs (52.7%) trigger two or more of these criteria. IBAs range in size from < 1 km2 to over 300,000 km2 and have an approximately log-normal size distribution (median = 125.0 km2, mean = 1,202.6 km2). They cover approximately 6.7% of the terrestrial, 1.6% of the marine and 3.1% of the total surface area of the Earth. The launch in 2016 of the KBA Global Standard, which aims to identify, document and conserve sites that contribute to the global persistence of wider biodiversity, and whose criteria for site identification build on those developed for IBAs, is a logical evolution of the IBA concept. The role of IBAs in conservation planning, policy and practice is reviewed elsewhere. Future technical priorities for the IBA initiative include completion of the global inventory, particularly in the marine environment, keeping the dataset up to date, and improving the systematic monitoring of these sites.

Addition series field experiments were conducted near Moscow, ID, in 1987 and 1988 to determine the relative aggressiveness of spring barley and wild oat and to determine the effect of barley and wild oat density and proportion on barley grain yield and wild oat seed rain. Regression analysis was used to describe the relationship of the aboveground biomass and grain yield to species density. Barley was more aggressive than wild oat. Barley biomass was affected most by intraspecific competition, while wild oat biomass was affected most by interspecific competition. Barley aggressiveness changed little throughout the growing season. Wild oat aggressiveness varied but was always less than barley aggressiveness. Increasing wild oat density had a negative, asymptotic-type effect on barley grain yield at all barley densities. However, the effect of wild oat was greatest at the lower density of barley. Increasing barley density decreased wild oat seed rain.

Evolution of cold dry snow and firn plays important roles in glaciology; however, the physical formulation of a densification law is still an active research topic. We forced eight firn-densification models and one seasonal-snow model in six different experiments by imposing step changes in temperature and accumulation-rate boundary conditions; all of the boundary conditions were chosen to simulate firn densification in cold, dry environments. While the intended application of the participating models varies, they are describing the same physical system and should in principle yield the same solutions. The firn models all produce plausible depth-density profiles, but the model outputs in both steady state and transient modes differ for quantities that are of interest in ice core and altimetry research. These differences demonstrate that firn-densification models are incorrectly or incompletely representing physical processes. We quantitatively characterize the differences among the results from the various models. For example, we find depth-integrated porosity is unlikely to be inferred with confidence from a firn model to better than 2 m in steady state at a specific site with known accumulation rate and temperature. Firn Model Intercomparison Experiment can provide a benchmark of results for future models, provide a basis to quantify model uncertainties and guide future directions of firn-densification modeling.

Palladium germanide thin films were investigated for infrared plasmonic applications. Palladium thin films were deposited onto amorphous germanium thin films and subsequently annealed at a range of temperatures. X-ray diffraction was used to identify stoichiometry, and Scanning Electron Micrographs, along with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to characterize composition and film quality. Resistivity was also measured for analysis. Complex permittivity spectra were measured from 0.3 to 15 µm using IR ellipsometry. From this, surface plasmon polariton (SPP) characteristics such as propagation length and mode confinement were calculated and used to determine appropriate spectral windows for plasmonic applications with respect to film characteristics. Films were evaluated for use with on-chip plasmonic components.

Technology-based dietary assessment offers solutions to many of the limitations of traditional dietary assessment methodologies including cost, participation rates and the accuracy of data collected. The 24-h dietary recall (24HDR) method is currently the most utilised method for the collection of dietary intake data at a national level. Recently there have been many developments using web-based platforms to collect food intake data using the principles of the 24HDR method. This review identifies web- and computer-based 24HDR tools that have been developed for both children and adult population groups, and examines common design features and the methods used to investigate the performance and validity of these tools. Overall, there is generally good to strong agreement between web-based 24HDR and respective reference measures for intakes of macro- and micronutrients.