Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) hubs must advance implementation science via innovative approaches to understand and develop strategies for overcoming barriers to the adoption, adaptation, integration, scale-up, and sustainability of evidence-based interventions, tools, policies, and guidelines. This special communication describes adaption of the I-Corps™@NCATS training program, a Lean Start-Up approach developed to advance commercialization of academic innovation, as a mechanism for building implementation science capacity at the Institute for Translational Medicine, a Chicago-based multi-institutional CTSA hub. Results from seven training cohorts (2021–2025) are presented (43 teams, 157 participants). In this five-week experiential program, teams conducted “customer discovery” interviews with stakeholders (mean = 23.8/team, SD = 5.6) to rapidly assess fit-to-context of their innovation and adoption requirements. Likelihood of recommending the program to a colleague was high (8.9, SD = 1.5; 1–10 scale, where “10” = “extremely likely”). Important adaptations were providing non-commercial use cases; defining “customers” in terms of stakeholders and partners; reframing commercial business model goals in terms of designing-for-dissemination-and-sustainability; and showing how the value proposition hypothesis is analogous to a research hypothesis being tested and validated with “customer discovery” data. Findings support that the modified I-Corps@NCATS training program provides flexible translational science skill-building to advance implementation science capacity among clinical and translational researchers.

Depression is underrecognized in primary care, which is a barrier to treatment. For the last decade, Zimbabwe has invested in increasing access to depression treatment within primary healthcare. This study describes depression recognition by nurses and referral to treatment in four primary care clinics in Zimbabwe. Research staff screened 200 patients after they attended a primary care visit at a study clinic. They assessed depression using the PHQ-9 and assessed depression and/or anxiety using the Shona Symptoms Questionnaire (SSQ-14). Medical records were examined for depression and/or anxiety diagnoses. Positive depression and anxiety screens were compared with nurse documentation. 69.5% of participants were women and 56.5% were living with HIV. 6.0% had a PHQ-9 score ≥11, indicative of depression, and 22.0% had an SSQ score ≥9, indicative of depression and/or anxiety. None of the patients who screened positive for probable depression and/or anxiety were recognized by nurses. Nurses who saw the patients in the sample were surveyed. Most had not received formal training on mental health in primary care (mhGAP) prior to patient data collection. Despite efforts to expand depression treatment in Zimbabwe, individuals with probable depression were unrecognized by nurses, though nurses offered some care for other mental health conditions.

To address challenges in the real-world implementation of digital health for mental healthcare in Nigeria, this study conducted a process evaluation of five World Health Organization-recommended digital tools within a state-wide primary health care program in Lagos. Employing a convergent mixed-methods design across five facilities, we measured implementation fidelity through observation and platform analytics, and assessed stakeholder perceptions via validated surveys and interviews. The findings revealed a sharp divergence in success. Administrative tools that streamlined workflows, such as drug stock notification and automated client reminders, achieved high fidelity (>90% adherence). In contrast, clinical tools that altered provider–patient interactions, including a decision support app and a client helpline, demonstrated low fidelity (<66% adherence). Qualitative analysis attributed this gap to the successful tools’ seamless workflow integration versus the clinical tools’ disruption of practice and introduction of perceived professional and liability risks. The study concludes that digital health adoption is determined less by technological sophistication than by its integration into human systems. Scaling these innovations effectively requires prioritizing tools that align with existing workflows and developing a supportive policy ecosystem to address the professional concerns of frontline health workers.

Older adults have long been considered critical actors in developing and implementing age-friendly community (AFC) initiatives. However, there has been limited empirical research on the ways they advance AFC implementation, especially in terms of their participation through AFC leadership roles (e.g. committee chairs, work group members). This study addresses this critical gap by exploring the functions that older adults exhibit in AFC implementation in the United States – namely, the underlying purposes and processes operating through their implementation actions. As one of the few studies exploring AFC implementation processes from the direct perspectives of older adults, this study conducted qualitative interviews with 23 older adult leaders of AFC initiatives across four states. Through reflexive thematic analysis, we identified two overarching thematic categories regarding the functions of their efforts towards AFC change. First, older adults advance AFC programme processes by guiding (e.g. determining priority areas) and carrying out (e.g. handling day-to-day programme logistics) the work. Second, older adults strengthen network capacity through connecting people and organizations to advance AFC implementation and spreading ageing-inclusive mindsets and practices among community actors. The findings support the view of older adults’ participation in AFC implementation as a multidimensional phenomenon wherein they employ multiple co-occurring functions that fluctuate dynamically across organizational roles, activities and tenure with the initiative. This study highlights the importance of continued research on the people enacting age-friendly efforts in their communities to better understand the ways that AFC efforts can catalyze local leaders – including older adults themselves – towards impact on ageing.

Implementation science plays a crucial role in effectively translating scientific knowledge into sustainable, evidence-based health practices. This perspective article focuses on some Latin American experiences, highlighting the limitations of applying methodologies developed in the Global North to settings marked by structural inequalities, economic constraints and cultural diversity. The included experiences examine a range of programs, such as the national Breastfeeding and Feeding Strategy, the evaluation of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program in Chile and the community component of Mental Health Gap Action Programme in Colombia. Other contributions explore professional training initiatives and offer critical reflections on frameworks, such as the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance. The reflections call for strengthening local capacities, fostering meaningful South–South and South–North collaborations, and advancing a context-sensitive, equity-oriented approach to implementation science that supports the development of more adaptive, effective and just health systems.

Adolescent mental health problems are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, like Kenya, where access to care remains severely limited. Task-shifted, school-based interventions offer solutions but often lack structured protocols for managing risk, such as suicidality or abuse. The Shamiri Risk Management Protocol (Shamiri-RMP) was developed to address this gap through a tiered system for screening, classifying and responding to risk within a stepped-care mental health model. We conducted a mixed-methods implementation study across 149 public high schools in Kenya. Caseworker fidelity and risk classification accuracy were evaluated through a review of 222 student cases. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided the qualitative analysis of caseworker surveys to identify implementation barriers and facilitators. Of 76,855 students enrolled in the broader Shamiri program, 977 (1.27%) were referred for risk assessment, and 222 (0.28%) were enrolled in the Shamiri-RMP. Among them, 42.71% were low-risk, 35.68% moderate-risk and 21.61% high-risk. Risk reductions occurred in 60.47% of high-risk cases, 56.34% of moderate-risk cases and 51.76% of low-risk cases. Implementation facilitators included supervisory support (50.88% of caseworkers) and protocol clarity (80.70%), while barriers included referral gaps (5.26%) and confidentiality concerns (54.39%). Findings support the feasibility and scalability of the Shamiri-RMP in low-resource school settings.

The notorious Rossi’s ‘Iron Law of Evaluation’ – that the expected net impact of any large-scale social programme is zero – reminds us that expectations about policy interventions rarely survive real-world delivery. Behavioural Public Policy (BPP) faces many implementation challenges. Implementation Science (IS), which studies how evidence-based practices are adopted, delivered and sustained, offers BPP a toolkit for overcoming the knowledge–action gap. We show how IS frameworks like CFIR (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research) and RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) diagnose contextual barriers – leadership, workflow fit, resources – and supply metrics of fidelity, adoption, cost and sustainment. Next, we outline three hybrid trial types from IS that co-test policy impact and implementation: Type 1 emphasises behavioural effects while sampling implementation data; Type 2 balances both; Type 3 optimises implementation while tracking outcomes. Cluster-randomised and stepped-wedge roll-outs create feedback loops that enable mid-course adaptation and speed scale-up. Cases illustrate how spotting delivery slippage early averts costly failure; they reveal how early IS integration can turn isolated behavioural wins into scalable, system-wide transformations that genuinely endure long. We situate these recommendations within the literature on scalability and the ‘voltage effect’, clarifying how common drops from pilot to scale can be anticipated, diagnosed and mitigated using IS outcomes and process data.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dementia are leading causes of death in women, with dementia disproportionately affecting females. Both share risk factors such as type 2 and gestational diabetes. While diabetes and CVD risk factors are well studied, gaps remain in understanding dementia’s lifespan influences, sex-specific effects, and social determinants. This report advocates a convergence science approach, integrating basic, behavioral, and implementation sciences, to address these gaps. We propose a novel framework to examine shared cardiometabolic risks across the lifespan, enabling targeted early interventions to reduce dementia burden and improve heart-brain health outcomes in women.

The growing burden of mental, neurological and substance use (MNS) disorders in low-resource settings has prompted efforts to integrate mental health into primary health care (PHC). This study evaluated the implementation and outcomes of a large-scale mhGAP training initiative under the Mental Health in Primary Care (MeHPriC) program in Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 852 PHC workers from 57 facilities completed a 5-day mhGAP training and a 1-day refresher session. Using a pre-post mixed-methods design, we assessed changes in knowledge, stigma, clinical practice and self-efficacy, with follow-up at five months. Quantitative findings revealed significant improvements in knowledge and attitudes, with enhanced clinical practice reported by 69.1% of participants. Supervision, knowledge gains and self-efficacy emerged as predictors of improved practice. Qualitative data, analyzed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), highlighted increased confidence, reduced stigma and the enabling role of supervision and peer support, alongside persistent barriers such as medication stock-outs and limited referral networks. The study offers robust evidence for the effectiveness of task-sharing approaches when supported by contextual adaptation and system-level readiness. The MeHPriC model demonstrates that government-led mhGAP scale-up in PHC is both feasible and impactful, offering a replicable pathway for mental health integration in other LMICs.

This article describes the Implementation Science (IS) Scholars Program at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). The program’s goal is to translate knowledge, approaches, and methods from IS to front-line clinicians in an academic medical center, thereby supporting its goals as a learning health system and promoting a dynamic workforce of IS-informed change leaders. Initiated in 2020, the program is relatively unique in that it attempts to translate concepts and knowledge from IS to clinicians to improve their skills as implementers and change agents. The program is supported by the Translational Research Institute, the UAMS’ awardee of the Clinical and Translational Science Award Program. The two-year program provides 20% salary coverage, bespoke didactics, and close mentoring on a Scholar-initiated project to improve care in their clinical context. The program has trained four cohorts of Scholars over the program’s initial five years. We describe the program, our evaluation of it thus far, and future plans. The program has contributed to numerous healthcare improvements and served as a gateway to future implementation and other research activities among some Scholars.

Task sharing is endorsed as one of the strategies to address the treatment gap in common perinatal mental health conditions. There is a well-established body of evidence on the effectiveness of psychological interventions delivered by nonspecialist health workers (NSHWs); however, there is a dearth of evidence documenting factors determining the feasibility, acceptability and sustainability of integrating and implementing these interventions. This systematic review aims to synthesize the implementation outcomes and implementation process of NSHWs-delivered psychological interventions for the management of perinatal depression and anxiety using Proctor’s implementation science framework outlining eight constructs: feasibility, acceptability, appropriateness, adoption, cost, fidelity, penetration and sustainability. We searched PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials for studies published in English and between 2000 and 2022 using search terms under five broad categories: (a) “perinatal”; (b) “common mental disorders”; (c) “psychological interventions”; (d) “nonspecialist” and (e) “implementation outcomes.” Secondary publications were also hand-searched for data extraction. Two authors independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles. Data for included articles were extracted using a standard data extraction sheet. A narrative synthesis of qualitative evidence was conducted. Initial searches identified 885 articles of which full text of 128 articles were screened for eligibility, with 56 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Out of the eight constructs of Proctor’s framework, “feasibility,” “acceptability,” “appropriateness” and “fidelity” were the most evaluated outcomes. None of the studies reported “penetration” and very few reported “sustainability,” “adoption” or “cost.” None of the studies used any implementation science framework for the study evaluation. Despite the well-established evidence on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for perinatal depression and anxiety by NSHWs, these interventions are rarely adopted into the health system. More studies applying systems thinking are needed to explore facilitators, barriers and mechanisms for integrating interventions in the health system. Using implementation science frameworks to design, plan, execute and evaluate psychosocial interventions by NSHWs can address this gap in evidence.