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At the end of his life, the titular hero of Beowulf asks his young kinsman Wiglaf to build a mounment, hoping that his presence in the landscape will defend and preserve the memory of the people he leaves behind. Put another way, Beowulf seeks to remain a conceptual landmark by becoming a literal landmark. But in his desire to be reiterated, Beowulf is not alone. Navigating Landmarks of Identity shows that, across early medieval English literature, relational reiteration stabilizes relational identity when a subject’s relationships are uncertain or under threat—whether that be in riddles, catalogue poems, elegies, or charter boundary clauses. Such textual reiteration takes place not only when a boundary is transgressed, or a person is exiled, but throughout Old English literature when an author is confronted with the problem of “who” or “what” something is.
Many riddle subjects in the Exeter Book resist the landmarks of an explicitly human experience. Riddles that treat intimately known creatures (keys, books, ploughs, even oxen) build those creatures out of intimate knowledge: how, when, and why the creature is touched and valued. But riddles that treat more unfamiliar creatures—wild animals, mythological animals, and weather phenomena—build their subjects out of what little can be known, or accessed, by human beings: experience predicated on distance rather than intimacy. And unknown or unknowable concepts like Creation itself, in both Aldhelm’s Creatura and its Old English translation in the Exeter Book, are described through failures of human experience: as beyond the limits of the senses. In encompassing the unknown, the riddles invoke the failure of the senses to move beyond the landmarks of human experience without abandoning them. While the Latinate traditions that underlie many Old English riddles do not always include the social, chronological, and physical landmarks that define the form of relational reiteration, their Old English adaptations move towards, rather than away from, this mode of navigating identity.
The practice of relational reiteration shapes the Old English and Anglo-Latin riddles. Challenged to “say what I am” without actually naming themselves, the books, bells, wild creatures, and mysteries of the early English riddle tradition respond by reiterating their own conceptual edges, drawing upon the same types of social, chronological, and physical “landmarks” that a local tenant would use to perambulate property bounds. Aldhelm, the first known English riddle-writer, declares that his aim is to “reveal with verse the hidden mysteries of things,” and his Enigmata are explicitly framed as a cosmology: an attempt to articulate the subtle links between individual elements of God’s creation. Although the Old English Exeter riddles make no such claim, these poems are even more invested in the link between identity and practice: each speaker’s physical form comes into view through the lens of their interaction with human beings. The result in both cases is transformative. Each riddle creature is “built” incrementally, piece by piece, as the riddle describes its interactions with the hierarchical world outside itself—not physically, per se, but as a conceptual entity.
The exiles, landowners, bookworms, and kings of early medieval English texts all faced a common problem: how do you know yourself, or anything else, in a relational and therefore constantly changing world? They answered that problem with relational reiteration: sometimes literally walking the edges of property bounds, and sometimes figuratively inviting a reader to walk the edges of a riddle’s solution, or an exile’s lost home. The reiteration of relational landmarks is a temporary solution; each time a relationship is altered or challenged, the bounds of relational identity must be traced anew. And in fact this problem of mutable identity changes only when literary characters or hagiographical narratives achieve Christian salvation, positioning God in these texts as an eternal relationship that cannot be lost, changed, or forgotten. But in the age of their making, most Old English and Anglo-Latin texts and characters relied upon reiteration to stabilize (or sometimes reimagine) their unsaved, ephemeral, relationally-constructed worlds.
Limiting depletion of stratospheric ozone is painted as a global success story: one of exemplary human cooperation. I approach the ozone boundary as an object of colonization, and weave an anti-colonial approach to human responsibilities to ozone. The Planetary Boundaries describe a ‘safe operating space for humanity’. I will trouble this notion by focusing on the relational entanglements of the planetary system – human, animal, vegetable, mineral, and elemental. Secondly, the description camouflages ongoing colonial practices of privatizing the commons: it assumes a right to pollute (up to some predetermined limit), a right to ‘colonize’ the stratosphere. The underlying assumption is that some degree of environmental harm is tolerable, even when it involves appropriation of a global commons. My argument is that an anticolonial planetary boundary for ozone requires a relational ethic in which duties and responsibilities are to the relationships that inhere to ozone.
This article interprets Kant’s political cosmopolitanism through the metaphor of globus terraqueus. This spatial metaphor has important consequences for Kant’s political philosophy, namely, to highlight Kant’s cosmopolitan relationality. The spherical shape of the earth is not only a feature of this planet; rather it creates the conditions for the emergence of increasingly larger communities. This relational reading of Kant’s cosmopolitanism is supported by reading the notion of unsociable sociability as grounding relationality in the components of agency, conflict, and vulnerability. Thus, especially through the notions of universal hospitality and cosmopolitan right, Kant’s cosmopolitan relationality is useful for reinterpreting his political cosmopolitanism.
Early English writers describe their landscapes in the same way they describe themselves. Illuminating the forms medieval people used to write their world, Amy W. Clark provides a new epistemological model for understanding early medieval English relational selves and positions. Beginning with the relationally oriented streams, oaks, and gates of Old English charters, she shows that Old English riddles similarly describe paths between long noses, loud voices, and puzzling contradictions, guiding readers to hidden mysteries. Widsith revisits legendary landmarks to comment on knowledge, power, and what it means to 'give good,' while the Old English elegies cope with catastrophic loss by mapping the remembered past onto an inverted present. In particular, Clark demonstrates how repetition becomes a key formal strategy when landscapes and selves are threatened. From bounds to Beowulf, she shows that Old English and Anglo-Latin texts revisit relational landmarks to stabilize knowledge and selfhood in an ever-changing world.
The field of International Relations (IR) has come under increasing and sustained criticism for producing and disseminating a particular reading of European history, one rooted in violence, as if it were universal knowledge. Generations of students, academics, practitioners, and policymakers have been taught and socialized into accepting this violent historical experience as the norm and, implicitly, as a reflection of human nature. As a result, the dominant accounts of IR tend to foreground competitive, conflictual, domineering, power-seeking, and exploitative behaviours as defining features of international life. This understanding of IR marginalizes and often ignores Indigenous ways of knowing that emphasize relationality, solidarity, mutual care, and cooperative forms of social organization. In this article, we argue that centring Afrocentric Indigenous Knowledge Systems (AIKS), particularly their conceptualizations of persons in IR scholarship, has the potential to move the field beyond its bleak and violent roots towards a more humane and relational epistemology. The AIKS-centred approach to IR is better suited to capturing the nuances of contemporary global life while speaking to the lived experiences of Africans and potentially other Indigenous peoples around the world.
How should we assess and judge the harm inflicted by egregious wrongdoing and how should we respond to such wrongdoings after they have occurred? These are the questions this contribution tackles from an African communitarian Ubuntu worldview that centres the humanity of everyone impacted in both its understanding of wrongdoing and remedy. It argues that restoration of shared humanity is regarded as the primary and ultimate function of justice in the African systems of political thought.
Biodesign is an emerging field that brings together a wide range of practices, connecting fundamental research, applied sciences and creative approaches. Within this spectrum, a tension exists between instrumental uses of biological processes and a growing sensibility that acknowledges the agency of living materials and organisms. This study proposes reconciliation as a guiding concept for biodesign, understood not as a metaphorical gesture but as a concrete and plural perspective that promotes species coexistence and conservation. We contextualise reconciliation through restoration, reciprocity and relationality as distinctive yet interconnected design and ecological principles that extend beyond normative human exchange, promoting multispecies coexistence. Through a mix of reflexive thematic synthesis and the analysis of selected case studies derived from the authors’ own projects, employed as a practice-based methodological inquiry and primary source of empirical and reflective insight, we explore how reconciliation is enacted and experienced in practice. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework to address reconciliation in biodesign, offering guiding concepts and key questions to discuss and support ecological flourishing in multispecies collaborations.
In the vital traditions of women of color feminisms, queer of color critique, and aligned projects disidentified from majoritarian worlds, this Element focuses attention on how we continue to work in and with the attenuating conditions of academic life.There is, it suggests, hope to be found, nurtured, and elicited amid the difficulties of the present. This Element does not romanticize or assign nobility or moral purpose to teaching or to scholarly life more broadly. Rather, it elaborates an understanding of teaching as a name for how we go about building collectivities, sensibilities, and social formations organized by and around mutuality, reciprocity, and solidarity. This Element remembers the classroom to be any space dedicated to the work of collectively thinking hard, and one in which we rehearse the forms of relation, social being, and collegiality we wish to proliferate.
In this paper we argue that performance and the arts invite a deliberate sensorial connection with the body and can support a bodily turn or return, in order to help artists, scholars and communities more broadly, better attune to increasing climate instability, through collaborative, supportive and reflexive storytelling. Drawing on the three “weather” symposia, the paper focusses on the second symposium which featured a keynote presentation by Rachael Swain, co-artistic director of Marrugeku, Australia’s leading Indigenous Intercultural Dance and Performance Company. Responses to Marrugeku’s work Cut the Sky are collectively presented to illuminate what Swain argues are, “Dramaturgies of consequence” (2020), that emerge from working and thinking with the choreopolitical platform of Marrugeku’s practice, and how this is felt in the bodies and the actions of audiences. Such a focus on thinking and feeling with and through our bodies, is crucial in preparing to respond and adapt to the myriad evolving political, environmental and social crises we are enmeshed in. By focusing on Cut The Sky we argue that contemporary performance, which foregrounds the body, is an exemplary practice which can ignite visceral and kinaesthetic responses in spectators for activating change through Marrugeku’s choreography of resistance.
What is access and how has accessibility—as a perceptual frame, a discourse, a box to check, and a relationship—infiltrated our everyday lives and become a means for adjudicating whether we live in inhabitable worlds in India and internationally? This article draws from a roundtable discussion at a 2024 disability studies and disability justice conference held in Kolkata, India, as well as interviews and participant observation conducted with disabled Indians to explore the meanings of access and to think about alternative concepts or frameworks that are used instead.
The Maputo Accord process in Mozambique is regarded as a rare success story in a context where international peace mediation as a tool of conflict resolution is in decline. Drawing on empirical research conducted with parties to the process, we outline two framing elements that constitute the practice of ‘peace listening’. The first is human-centred and value-based mediation, which centres the needs of the parties. The second foregrounds the flexibility of peacemaking actors to create an ‘enabling environment’ for peacemaking, challenging the structural and hierarchical nature of international peace mediation. We present two novel contributions to the field of peace mediation. The first is to present a qualitative case study of the Maputo Accord process in Mozambique based on the perspectives and testimonies of the participants themselves. Secondly, by centring the participants in the research, we highlight the potential of relationality as an underpinning theory of successful mediation. We ask what made the Maputo Accord process ‘different’ from previous attempts in the long and complex history of peacemaking attempts in the country, and in so doing, we address an ontological and theoretical gap in the literature on ‘Track One’ processes when it comes to relationality.
This paper revisits the longstanding debate over the nature of suffering, focusing on the divide between subjective and objective accounts. I defend a Personalist conception of suffering, rooted in an Aristotelian understanding of human flourishing, that recognizes suffering as both universally human and deeply personal. On this view, suffering is neither a purely sentient, inner experience nor reducible to external conditions, but a disruption of flourishing that arises when love or justice is violated or absent—and that calls for a communal response. Understood through this lens, suffering, I argue, invites a shared practice of meaning-making—not as sentimental optimism but as a form of grounded hope: realistic, responsive, and attuned to the dignity of both the sufferer and those who accompany them. Even when suffering cannot be cured or fully comprehended, it can be met with deeper engagement, mutual responsibility, and a reaffirmation of our commitment to a life lived in relation and shared purpose.
The chapter examines the Saturday Mothers, a long-standing intergenerational movement in Turkey advocating for justice for families of the disappeared. Through a relational lens, it explores how the movement constructs a social network that fosters solidarity, collective agency, and transformative personal and political identities. The Saturday Mothers, operating as a ‘political family’, challenge conventional definitions of family by creating a space of care, empathy, and shared grief. Their horizontal and transparent structure sustains their activism across diverse political, social, and economic backgrounds. The movement’s practices address the impact of ambiguous loss, enabling families to cope with psychological isolation and social marginalisation. By reclaiming public spaces such as Galatasaray Square as symbolic sites of truth and memory, they demand holistic justice. The chapter highlights how the Saturday Mothers’ grassroots mobilisation practises a relational agency, redefining victim participation and creating a social space for truth-telling and healing beyond the limitations of formal transitional justice mechanisms.
The shairi is the genre of Swahili poetry characterized by an incredible versatility. For more than 200 years, it has traveled across media, from dance poetry to manuscripts in Arabic script, radio programs, WhatsApp groups, and school curricula; it has spilled over into hip-hop lyrics. It encompasses poems that have often been treated as belonging to mutually exclusive categories, like “traditional,” “modern,” and “popular,” and associated with different temporalities, spaces, and actors. Thus, as the chapter shows, the shairi lends itself to think about genre as a flexible frame. It zeros in on its capacity to be constituted in dynamic relations, defined by but also defining changing social worlds. By drawing on “historical poetics,” the chapter shows the multiple intersecting ancestries of the genre, sometimes forgotten sometimes rearticulated, that account for the genre’s flexibility. The genre’s critical potential lies particularly in challenging persisting notions of a teleological literary history.
This chapter explores the structure–culture–agency interplay in the English language learning context of Cancun, Mexico. The body of empirical data is analysed through CR-grounded linguistic ethnography. Of specific interest are three Mexican students’ reflexive deliberations and strategies to position themselves in relation to the English language, its symbolic and economic value, and to broader structural and cultural forces, in the fulfilment of their goals. Analysis of the findings reveals the powerful influence of social class distribution partly based on ethnicity, and the role of language learner reflexivity in the adoption of diverse approaches to English language learning. The study of reflexivity in this chapter shows how agentive processes lead to different degrees of investment and successes, including resistance to and acceptance of the necessity for English in relation to Cancun’s social and economic context. Analysis also reveals English as the language of the dominant yet not fully accepted North American culture, and how it is seen a paramount tool in the fulfilment of personal and communal projects in the context of Cancun.
Archaeologists have long identified quarries as a ubiquitous part of the landscape in which precolonial Maya populations built their world. Yet, it is only recently that scholars have begun to move away from viewing these quarries simply as places where stones were extracted to recognizing them as important nodes in the social, political, and cultural fabric of the Maya Lowlands. The four articles in this Special Section discuss some of the most recent insights into the lives of those who intimately worked with limestone, inhabited the cratered landscapes created by its extraction, and crafted their worlds through the relationships forged and maintained in the practices of quarrying, processing, and utilizing this material. In this introductory paper, we set the scene by reviewing previous research and outlining the main approaches involved in the documentation, analysis, and interpretation of Maya limestone quarries and production loci. We continue with a discussion of the relevance of quarry investigations for the general study of precolonial Maya societies. We conclude with a brief overview of current methodological trends, followed by a look ahead to the ways in which researchers could take such investigations forward and integrate them into future research agendas.
This article introduces a fungal framework, both metaphorically and methodologically, for reimagining power, resistance, and world-making in International Relations (IR). Drawing on relational ontologies and ecological insights, it examines how fungal processes of decomposition and regeneration shed light on the entangled relations that constitute the pluriverse—a world of many worlds. By centering decay as a site of transformation, the framework proposes an ethic of research grounded in humility and care. It critiques the epistemic closures that structure dominant IR paradigms and offers tools for engaging ontological multiplicity beyond Eurocentric frames. In doing so, the article contributes to emerging debates on decolonial methodology, more-than-human agency, and pluriversal ethics, advocating for approaches that accompany, rather than assimilate, multiple worlds.