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On the fifth anniversary of the establishment of the Kyoko Selden Memorial Translation Prize through the generosity of her colleagues, students, and friends, the Department of Asian Studies at Cornell University is pleased to announce the winners of the 2018 Prize.

This article summarizes relevant historical developments involving Taiwan and Okinawa in Asia-Pacific multilateral relations over the longue durée, and suggests future prospects.

1. Both Taiwan and the Ryukyus are within the Kuroshio (Black Tide) Current Civilization Zone (from approximately the beginning of the 3rd Century): At that time, crops such as cassava and yams traveled northbound with the Kuroshio Currents, which ran from the Philippines to Taiwan and the Ryukyus to Kyushu, while crops such as millet in northern parts of South East Asia traveled to Taiwan via the South Sea and further traveled to the Ryukyus and Kyushu. Together with the path of rice from south of China's Yangtze River via Korea to Kyushu, Japan these were two important sea-borne cultural exchange paths in the Asia-Pacific. However, by the 3rd Century, the direct route from south of the Yangzi to central Japan, as well as the Silk Road from Chang'an in Northwest China to Central Asia, and the shipping route from Guangzhou to India superseded the aforesaid routes. As a result, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands became isolated on the international stage for about one thousand years (Ts'ao, 1988).

The Xia-Shang Zhou Chronology Project was a five-year state-sponsored project, carried out between 1995–2000, to determine an absolute chronology of the Western Zhou dynasty and approximate chronologies of the Xia and Shang dynasties. At the end of the five years, the Project issued a provisional report entitled Report on the 1996–2000 Provisional Results of the Xia-Shang Zhou Chronology Project: Brief Edition detailing its results. A promised full report was finally published in 2022: Report on the Xia-Shang Zhou Chronology Project. Although numerous discoveries in the more than twenty years between the publications of the Brief Edition and the Report have revealed that the Project's absolute chronology of the Western Zhou is fundamentally flawed, and some of the problems are acknowledged by the Report, still the Report maintains the Project's chronology without any correction. In the review, I present four of these discoveries, from four different periods of the Western Zhou, discussing their implications for the Project's chronology. I conclude with a call for some sort of authoritative statement acknowledging the errors in the report.

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[It has] allowed us to demonstrate something no one else has shown: variations in the agglutinating power of the same microbe when placed under the conditions of different cultures… . of the same microbe in diverse conditions of life.

—Nicolle and Trenel, 1902

It is thus probable that, in the course of their progressive attenuation, of their obliteration, infectious diseases have passed, pass, and will pass, through inapparent forms… .The first and the last stage in the life of diseases, … inapparent disease is the unsuspected reservoir of many evils.

—Nicolle, Naissance,Vie et Mort des Maladies Infectieuses, 1930

Laboratory manipulation of the virulence of pathogenic microbes had been a central component of the birth and life of Pastorian microbiology. Pasteur and his disciples had fashioned their assorted vaccines by exposing microbes to a variety of changed environmental conditions—heat, cold, air, and so on.They had also found that passage through animal hosts tended, eventually, to restore such artificially diminished virulence. Given this practical focus on microbial malleability (along with other cultural and certainly personal factors), it is unsurprising that Pasteur did not himself come up with a formula for a strict, “one microbe produces one disease” specificity. Pasteur and Koch roughly agreed on microbial specificity; Pasteur was simply willing to admit more flexibility within a species. Mazumdar has argued that it was Pasteur's disciple and successor at the institute's helm, Emile Duclaux, who attributed the “discovery” of disease specificity to Pasteur. In fact, as Geison notes, although Pasteur's interest in the manipulation of microbes did not go so far as challenging the borders of their “species,” he was, in theory, willing to push the borders of disease species still further, even suggesting that the relationships between hosts and parasites evolved over time—and that there would be new diseases. Emile Roux also raised the possibility of disease evolution in his Cours; however, neither he nor Pasteur pressed it much further. Charles Nicolle did.

In 1930, Nicolle published his classic treatise on disease evolution, Naissance,Vie et Mort des Maladies Infectieuses [NVM]. He wrote much of the book while recuperating from his long illness in 1929. In the text, the invisible forces of inapparent infection and inframicrobes found central positions— as did his father's natural-historical inclinations and his brother Maurice's immunological models.

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