This article explores the macroeconomic consequences of a sharp US dollar depreciation against the backdrop of high US policy uncertainty, fiscal imbalances and growing geopolitical fragmentation. Using the NiGEM global macroeconomic model, we simulate three scenarios: (1) a combined shock to currency and investment risk premia; (2) a broad-based currency risk premium shock and (3) a currency risk premium shock specifically benefiting the euro. The first scenario results in a global slowdown, with pronounced effects on the US economy. In contrast, the latter two scenarios suggest potential gains for the Euro Area, conditional on the euro’s enhanced international role. Realising such gains would require measures to increase the supply and liquidity of Euro Area safe assets. The analysis also highlights risks beyond the model’s scope, including the potential for a financial crisis triggered by a sudden loss of confidence in the US dollar.

In Mandarin Chinese, numeral classifiers form a grammatical category that is syntactically obligatory when a noun is modified by a numeral or a demonstrative. The appropriate choice of a classifier is associated with the semantic properties of its corresponding noun and is context dependent. Experience with language is needed to learn these patterns, but little is known about how classifiers are structured in children’s language environments. We compared the frequency and distribution of classifier phrases in four corpora: child-directed speech, children’s television shows, children’s books, and adult-directed speech. Classifier usage in children’s books was more diverse than in both child-directed and adult speech. Books contained more specific classifiers that co-occurred with a higher proportion of unique nouns, whereas everyday speech relied on more generic classifiers. Books therefore provide access to classifier–noun combinations that are rare in speech. Implications for language development and language processing are discussed.

For survivors of domestic violence, public safety net benefits, including housing, food, and cash assistance, are often critical resources in establishing independent, safe lives. Using a reflexive thematic analysis of qualitative data from a local housing programme collected from August 2023 to January 2024, this study explores the intersection of trauma-informed care (TIC) and administrative burden within public safety net programmes for survivors of domestic violence. Findings demonstrate that barriers to accessing and participating in the public safety net, including learning, compliance, and psychological costs, hinder survivors’ recovery and stability, and clash with TIC principles. Conversely, TIC-aligned practices at the local housing programme, including strong case management, peer support, and flexible programming, mitigate these challenges. Research and policy implications related to how the integration of TIC principles can ease administrative burden in the public safety net are discussed.

Scimitar syndrome is a rare CHD involving anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and lung hypoplasia. Severe cases complicate single ventricle palliation, prompting a shift to transplantation. Our case series highlights suboptimal outcomes despite this shift, emphasising the need for further research to optimise treatment in this challenging population.

The effectiveness of ultrasonic absorptive coatings (UACs) in achieving delay in turbulent transition on a hypersonic boundary layer over a 3$^\circ$ half-angle cone was investigated under flight-like free-stream disturbance conditions. Tests were conducted at the Boeing/AFOSR Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel at Purdue University for four free-stream Reynolds numbers ranging from $9.0\times 10^6\,$ to $14.3 \times 10^6\,\rm m^{-1}$. Silicon-carbide-coated carbon foams with pore densities of 60, 100 and 200 pores per inch (X0.6, X1, X2) were fabricated as three frustums to vary streamwise location and porous section length. Solid–porous configurations were constructed to analyse the effect of foam length and position. Axisymmetric direct numerical simulations (DNS) and linear-stability theory (LST) analysis were performed to support the experimental findings, modelling the porous foams as time-domain impedance boundary conditions. The UACs influence boundary-layer transition primarily by modifying wall impedance and providing acoustic absorption to weaken second-mode resonance. All porous foams exhibited this behaviour, with the X1 foam achieving the most effective transition delay, strongly dependent on placement. Downstream positioning (59.2–74.3 cm) produced a 13.6 % relative delay, whereas upstream extension (44.1–74.3 cm) led to initial stabilisation followed by a downstream overshoot in second-mode amplitude. The X0.6 and X2 foams showed similar trends. Both LST and DNS predict attenuation of the high-frequency second-mode band and delayed amplification of adjacent low-frequency modes, explaining the overshoot and placement sensitivity. A detailed comparison of $N$-factors shows excellent agreement among experiment, LST and DNS, reinforcing the validity of the combined methodology and the consistency of the identified instability mechanisms.

In this article, we investigate the p-rank stratification of the moduli space of curves of genus g that admit a double cover to a fixed elliptic curve E in characteristic $p>2$. We show that the closed p-rank strata of this moduli space are equidimensional of the expected dimension. We also show the existence of a smooth double cover of E of all the possible values of the p-rank on this moduli space.

This paper examines how structural reforms can boost long-term growth and welfare in the U.S. economy. Using a model calibrated to historical data, we compare three reforms: reducing regulatory costs, increasing public investment, and eliminating rent-seeking. Our results show that all three improve welfare, but through different channels. Cutting regulatory burdens delivers quick efficiency gains with minimal adjustment costs. Raising public investment has the most substantial impact on growth and welfare, though it requires short-term trade-offs. Eliminating rent-seeking improves efficiency and leisure, but its growth effect is smaller. Overall, public investment emerges as the most powerful lever for growth, while regulatory simplification and institutional reform provide complementary benefits by reducing distortions, improving resource allocation, and reinforcing the efficiency gains from fiscal policy.

This article presents a case of superadditive ganging-up cumulativity in the metrical phonology of Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian (BCMS). BCMS individually permits monomoraic feet and feet with a toneless head mora, but prohibits toneless monomoraic feet. Across BCMS dialects, several prosodic processes conspire against this doubly marked structure. Because of the superadditive character of this interaction, both Optimality Theory and, importantly, Harmonic Grammar require local constraint conjunction to capture the ban on toneless monomoraic feet in BCMS. This demonstration constitutes evidence for conjoined constraints in weighted constraint grammar. The study contributes to the typology of cumulativity effects by documenting superadditive ganging up in a categorical prosodic pattern, whereas virtually all previously reported cases of superadditivity have been observed in variable phonological patterns.

We investigate trace and observability inequalities for Laplace eigenfunctions on the d-dimensional torus $\mathbb {T}^d$, with respect to arbitrary Borel measures $\mu $. Specifically, we characterize the measures $\mu $ for which the inequalities

$$ \begin{align*} \int |u|^2 \mathop{}\!\mathrm{d}\mu \lesssim \int |u|^2 \mathop{}\!\mathrm{d} x \quad \text{(trace)}, \qquad \int |u|^2 \mathop{}\!\mathrm{d}\mu \gtrsim \int |u|^2 \mathop{}\!\mathrm{d} x \quad \text{(observability)} \end{align*} $$

hold uniformly for all eigenfunctions u of the Laplacian. Sufficient conditions are derived based on the integrability and regularity of $\mu $, while necessary conditions are formulated in terms of the dimension of the support of the measure. These results generalize classical theorems of Zygmund and Bourgain–Rudnick to higher dimensions. Applications include results in the spirit of Cantor–Lebesgue theorems, constraints on quantum limits, and control theory for the Schrödinger equation. Our approach combines several tools: the cluster structure of lattice points on spheres; decoupling estimates; and the construction of eigenfunctions exhibiting strong concentration or vanishing behavior, tailored respectively to the trace and observability inequalities.

The goal of this paper is to study individual variation in participants’ adherence to conflicting moral views. To do this, we elicit participants’ reflective attitudes in an argumentative task and introduce a new Conflict model of moral decision-making. This Conflict model builds on the widely used CNI model of moral judgments (Gawronski et al. [2017, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 343–376]) but improves it in several respects. First, we follow Skovgaard-Olsen and Klauer (2024, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 50(9), 1348–1367) in extending the model to investigate invariance violations of the models’ parameters. Second, we model cases in which participants are conflicted between utilitarian and deontological response tendencies. In Experiment 1, we employ an argumentative paradigm to elicit commitments for moral views from participants to estimate latent classes in participants’ moral views. We then measure a range of egoistic and altruistic covariates used in Kahane et al. (2015, Cognition, 134, 193–209) and Conway et al. (2018, Cognition, 179, 241–265) to investigate whether participants’ acceptance of instrumental harm is associated with a genuine concern for the greater good or whether it is rather driven by antisocial character traits (Bartels and Pizarro [2011, Cognition, 121, 154–161]). Next, we report two validation studies of our new Conflict model. In a preregistered experiment, the discriminant validity of the conflict detection/resolution path of the Conflict model and the construct validity of its conflict parameter are tested. Finally, in a second validation study, we contrast response formats of dilemma judgments and find evidence in favor of using a format in which participants can opt out of difficult moral dilemmas when they feel conflicted, over the traditional format in moral psychology that lacks this possibility. We show that the CNI model is challenged by the finding of asymmetries in experienced conflict across conditions.

Anatomy has always been a complex subject to teach and learn. Historically, anatomy has been taught via cadaveric dissection, a modality that has declined in recent years due to a shortage of body donations and a pedagogical shift in using virtual reality and technological tools. Today, the teaching of anatomy in medical schools worldwide incorporates the medical humanities. While theoretical knowledge of anatomy is certainly necessary in the healthcare setting, recentering the focus of healthcare from mechanistic models of the body to its transposed context in literary forms such as poetry offer an alternative way of viewing the body, from a mechanistic model to a holistic one that unites the body’s biology with a patient’s selfhood. Through an analysis of two ekphrastic poems about Dr. Nicolaes Tulp’s famous anatomy lessons by contemporary American poet Linda Bierds, I argue that the body (cadaver) that has been deconstructed through anatomical dissection can be reconstructed in poetry via a “poetic dissection.” As a case study, Bierds’s poems demonstrate how the sensory experience of anatomical dissection can reframe dissection as a poetic tool, enhancing the ways in which anatomy, and by extension medical humanities, are taught in medical schools.

Natural convection within a heated, inclined slot with wavy walls is investigated. The coupling between the heating and topography patterns determines the properties of the flow and the effectiveness of this interaction can vary significantly as the slot inclination is adjusted. The analysis is two-dimensional and is likely to be a useful model for the flow in a slot of large cross-stream aspect ratio. Typically, the flow topology consists of a combination of rolls and stream tubes that carry the fluid along the conduit. It is shown that a judicious choice of inclination angle and careful positioning of the grooves relative to the temperature pattern can yield a flow rate greater than that achievable within a smooth slot. There is an optimal inclination and phase difference between the groove and heating patterns for which the flow rate is the greatest. The most effective inclination angle is a function of the wavelength and amplitude of the grooves, the heating intensity and the fluid Prandtl number.

Praat AudioTools is an open-source library of over 300 scripts that transforms the phonetic analysis software Praat (Boersma and Weenink) into an offline, object-centric laboratory for electroacoustic composition. While Praat is the standard tool for linguistic analysis, its potential for musical creation has remained largely untapped due to its interface design. We propose a workflow in which phonetic analysis objects – specifically PitchTiers (frequency curves), FormantGrids (resonance tracks) and TextGrids (temporal segmentation) – function as editable musical scores. Unlike real-time performance environments (e.g., Max/MSP, SuperCollider), which prioritise low-latency interaction, this toolkit emphasises ‘compositional deep time’, embedding analysis within an iterative edit–render–listen loop. Small modifications to analysis data produce structural consequences in timbre, gesture and form, enabling a research-creation practice rooted in the acousmatic tradition and spectromorphological thinking. By treating phonetic measurement as compositional material, AudioTools bridges phonetics and poetics. We contextualise this framework within the lineage of speech synthesis in electroacoustic music and demonstrate, through case studies, how it enables compositional strategies grounded in analysis as composition. The toolkit integrates neural network processing while maintaining interpretability, positioning it critically against black-box neural synthesis and arguing for transparent, parametric control in research-creation practice.

While surfactants are known to affect fluid–fluid interfaces, their impact on solid–liquid interfaces is an open problem. Here, we show that surfactants carried by a spreading nonpolar droplet can dynamically alter the solid–liquid interfacial energy, leading to a new spreading regime beyond the classical Tanner’s law and known Marangoni regimes. We develop a theoretical framework that combines the new spreading mechanism, governed by the solid–liquid interfacial energy gradient, together with capillarity. Experiments across twelve distinct combinations of nonpolar solvents, surfactants, and substrates confirm our theoretical predictions for the transition from Tanner’s law to the newly uncovered spreading regime. Our findings provide predictive control for applications in coatings, printing, microfluidics and surface engineering.