We propose a novel reformulation of the Vlasov–Ampère equations for plasmas that reveals discrete symmetries that enables simultaneous conservation of mass, momentum and energy; preservation of Gauss’s law; positivity of the distribution function; and consistency with quasi-neutral asymptotics. The approach employs variable and coordinate transformations to yield a coupled system comprising a modified Vlasov equation and associated moment–field equations. The modified Vlasov equation advances a conditional distribution function that excludes mass, momentum and energy densities, which are instead evolved through moment equations enforcing the relevant symmetries, conservation laws and involution constraints. This reformulation aligns naturally with a recent slow-manifold reduction technique, which separates fast electron time scales and simplifies the treatment of the quasi-neutral limit within the reduced moment–field subsystem. Using this framework, we develop a numerical method for the reduced 1D1V subsystem that, for the first time in the literature, satisfies all key physical constraints while maintaining a quasi-neutral asymptotic behaviour. The advantages of the method are demonstrated on canonical electrostatic test problems, including the multiscale ion acoustic shock wave.

This study investigates the influence of wind tunnel ground conditions (stationary/moving) on flow topology and passive scalar dispersion in the wake of the Ahmed body with rear slant angles, $\phi$ = 25$^\circ$ and 40$^\circ$. We implement field measurements of both velocity and scalar concentrations in the wake, for both the ground conditions, within the same experimental set-up, allowing for structural correlation between wake topology and scalar dispersion. Particle image velocimetry measurements reveal the existence of a third spanwise vortex (vortex G) near the stationary wind tunnel ground, due to the floor boundary layer, for both of the Ahmed bodies ($\phi$ = 25$^\circ$, 40$^\circ$). Concentration field measurements performed using quantitative smoke visualisation show higher scalar dispersion in the wake of both Ahmed bodies for the stationary ground condition. Comparing the velocity and concentration fields further identifies vortex G as the primary physical driver for the enhanced vertical dispersion of the scalar, observed in stationary ground conditions. To quantify the dispersion and characterise these effects, we introduce dispersion parameters, such as non-dimensional dispersion ($\mathscr{D}$) and dispersion length scales ($\mathscr{L}_y, \mathscr{L}_z$). These parameters confirm that, while lateral dispersion remains relatively insensitive to wind tunnel ground conditions, the presence of vortex G in stationary ground conditions leads to an overestimation of vertical dispersion by up to $\approx$29 % ($\phi$ = 25$^\circ$) and $\approx$49 % ($\phi$ = 40$^\circ$). This study quantifies the overestimated dispersion, identifies the vortical structures responsible for scalar redistribution, provides physical insight into the wake dispersion phenomenon and highlights the importance of correct wind tunnel ground conditions in the vehicle wake dispersion studies.

This article explores the potential effect of converting a constitutional narrative into a tax narrative that might help to address a constitutional controversy. The article examines, as a case study, the deep and long-standing issue of inequality in mandatory conscription. All efforts made over the decades to resolve the conflict or reduce its scope have failed. The article sets up a novel framework by conceptualising mandatory service as a ‘tax in-kind’, proposing a mandatory army tax credit (MATC) as a significant tool to alleviate the inequality. The proposed regime bridges the tension between Israel’s ‘people’s army’ ethos and the growing inequality. The proposed tax regime leverages the framing effect to preserve the ‘people’s army’ ethos while addressing inequities. Our insights apply to any country with mandatory military service facing issues of inequality: should conscription controversies be addressed solely through constitutional narrative, or through tax narrative as well? In addition, the approach of the article challenges traditional tax perspectives and public policy by incorporating non-monetary obligations into the tax discourse.

Social investment policies have introduced a shift in the normative underpinnings of European welfare states but are layered into compensatory and workfarist policies. This article questions the normative outcomes of social investment from a citizen perspective, asking how hybrid active labour market policies (ALMPs) shape citizen-level norms of social solidarity. Building on normative feedback theory, we conduct a comparative qualitative secondary analysis of focus-group datasets from France and Belgium (2006; 2019), where enabling instruments were gradually introduced between observation points. Based on a two-fold operationalization of citizen-level norms, we report that compensatory and workfarist cues dominate discussions with scarce reference to capacitation. The frames participants rely on feature normative tensions, particularly the ambivalent coexistence of compensation and individual responsibility. The normative feedback of ALMPs takes the form of a dilemma between generous-yet-stringent solidarity. Social investment policy norms have not (yet) reshaped citizen-level norms of social solidarity.

Ethnicity is an important cleavage in Africa, yet its influence on voting is contested. Selection biases from restricted choice sets complicate micro-level analyses, while ecological inferences and unobserved confounders hamper meso and macro-level approaches. Our new Covoting Regression (CVR) tackles several of these challenges. It estimates the effect of coethnicity on the probability that pairs of voters covote for the same party while conditioning on other shared characteristics. Thereby, CVR mirrors the micro-foundations of aggregate indicators such as the Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index. We analyze Afrobarometer surveys from 28 countries and estimate that coethnicity increases covoting intentions between respondents by 17 percentage points. Politically relevant groups and covoting for ethnic parties drive this estimate, which is consistent across institutionally diverse countries and at least four times larger than that of other cleavages. The CVR addresses key issues in studying electoral consequences of socio-economic cleavages and bridges gaps between levels of analysis.

We helped design and evaluate a statebuilding intervention in Medellín, Colombia. The municipal government dramatically intensified nonpolice state presence in 40 neighborhoods over 20 months. On average, perceptions of security and legitimacy changed negligibly, suggesting that returns to statebuilding investments are generally low, at least within electoral cycles. Prespecified heterogeneity analysis, however, reveals significant increases in security and legitimacy where state governance began relatively higher, while impacts were null or possibly negative where it began lower. This suggests increasing rather than diminishing returns to statebuilding. The divergence apparently resulted from city officials under-delivering in initially lower-governance sectors. One reason might be “start-up costs” in statebuilding. Alternatively, both initial state penetration and incentives to implement new programs might depend on neighborhoods’ ability to hold agencies accountable. Whatever their source, increasing returns could drive persistent “neglect traps”—channeling political attention and investment to areas where state penetration is already robust, reinforcing existing disparities.

This article proposes sequential randomized tests to locate the presence of jumps on the paths of efficient asset prices in a continuous-time model. The randomized statistics are generated by artificially adding randomness to the robust approximations of the locally averaged returns of the efficient price. In the case of finite activity jumps, we derive the asymptotic distribution of the maximum of all the local statistics unaffected by jumps, which makes it feasible to control the limiting probability of the global type I error and demonstrate the power of the test. We also present the theoretical results to illustrate the behaviors of the test statistics in the presence of infinite activity jumps. Simulation studies indicate the favorable performance of the proposed test in finite samples, and we also apply the test to the stock price data of Apple and Microsoft.

Two approaches dominate the literature on the construction of emotions: transitory role theory and the more recent Conceptual Act Theory. We identify two ways in which these approaches would benefit from correction, revision, or further development. First, they tend to downplay the body, insisting that social forces work primarily at a conceptual level. That is, culture is considered to primarily impact the conceptualization of emotion, not emotional embodiment. Second, they tend to neglect the impact social norms have on emotions. We include relevant work in traditions outside philosophy and psychology (sociology, anthropology, and queer theory) that may shed light on the impact of social norms on emotions, as well as the relationship between socialization and embodiment. We propose an account of emotions as constructs that combine sociality and corporeality—an account that understands social norms and bodily responses as interdependent. Our proposal is to understand emotions as constructed via societal norms that materialize in bodily states. This advances the debate on the nature of emotions by integrating different theoretical strands (construction and embodiment), and it also contributes to the emerging literature on emotional injustice by shedding light on the role the social plays, for example, in shaping whose body gets to express which emotions.

Prevailing narratives within the conservation decision-making literature argue conservation professionals should utilize rational, objective methods that do not engage emotion to make decisions. However, as conservation professionals are emotional beings, it is inevitable that emotion will be present during such processes. Perpetuated narratives and limited investigation into the involvement of conservation professionals’ emotion in decision-making processes mean the emotional selves of conservationists continue to be denied and unexplored, potentially hindering transformative change. To trouble these prevalent narratives, I investigate if and how conservationists’ emotion is involved in decision-making and whether external structures influence this involvement. Sixteen conservation professionals took part in this study. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, the diary method and a workshop, and were subjected to a thematic analysis. The findings demonstrate that conservationists’ emotion plays three roles within conservation decision-making processes: as a way of knowing, as a (de)motivator, and as a relationship shaper. These roles are not recognized or nurtured, and this is predominantly influenced by organizational culture. These findings indicate the need for conservation organizations to create healthy emotional cultures, to in turn enable professionals to acknowledge, and utilize, the roles of emotion within their work. Additionally, creating organizational cultures that encourage and enable the expression of, engagement with, and reflection on emotion could support conservationists to enact transformative change and transform the field of conservation itself.

Many academics assert a link between the principles that ought to determine the selection of teaching material in higher education and the principles that ought to govern a just society. This article considers five models of this relationship: (1) Identification, in which good syllabus design is part of social justice; (2) Isomorphism, in which a good syllabus takes the same form as a just society; (3) Instrumentalism, in which a good syllabus is a means for achieving social justice; (4) Isolationism, which seeks to protect syllabus design from undue social influence; (5) Interdependence, in which the quality of a syllabus and the justice of a society depend on each other in a variety of complex ways. I conclude that Interdependence incorporates the most important insights of the other four models while avoiding their individual limitations.

North America’s Native Copper Industry is one of the oldest metalworking traditions in the world, with metal use in this region dating to more than 9,500 years ago. Although several studies have focused on copper mining and use, few have focused on copper production. As a result, little attention has been given to the waste materials generated during the production process. The study of waste materials is vital to understanding what metallurgical production systems look like and how they are structured. This article examines the geospatial organization of copper production throughout the Archaic period in the northern Lake Superior Basin. After conducting a morphological analysis of copper waste materials from copper production sites across this region, I examined this information geospatially using the Optimized Hot Spot Analysis tool on ArcGIS to identify where stages of production took place as people and copper moved across the landscape. The structure of this production system can help us understand the role of copper production in shaping how Indigenous peoples interacted with their material culture and landscape during the Archaic period.

Over the past years, the concept of open research data (ORD) has gained traction as part of broader Open Science initiatives. The benefits of ORD, such as increased cost-effectiveness, transparency, and visibility, are well documented. However, researchers face barriers, which may be perceived rather than real, hindering the adoption of ORD practices. To address this challenge, we propose using ORD support services as sustainable enablers to stimulate cultural change around ORD. We engaged stakeholders across the University of Zurich and the Swiss ORD community, differentiating between researchers and ORD experts, to identify which services would best serve as sustainable enablers. After defining ORD support services and categorizing them into six key areas, we conducted surveys and interviews to gather insights on service preferences and barriers to ORD adoption. Among researchers, we identified a trend toward simpler and lower-resource services, highlighting the need for user-friendly and easily accessible support. ORD experts emphasized the importance of professional data stewardship, robust research data management (RDM) practices, and customized support to address discipline-specific needs. By combining survey and interview results, we provide a detailed overview of stakeholders’ ideas and suggestions for each proposed support area. Our study results in recommendations for academic institutions aiming to stimulate a cultural shift toward ORD. By focusing on findable, accessible, and user-friendly services, equipping researchers with fundamental RDM skills, and professionalizing data stewardship to provide customized support, institutions can foster the adoption of ORD practices. Ultimately, these measures can enhance the impact and reproducibility of scientific research.

This article introduces theories of populism and empty signifiers to Canadian Indigenous studies. Canadian populist politics may serve to marginalize Indigenous actors and lead them to feel misrepresented within related social movements. These movements commonly develop empty signifiers, which are vague terms that mean different things to different political actors, but help to unite a “people.” Indigenous resistance movements can make strategic use of empty signifiers to build populist or non-populist social movements that challenge colonial institutions. I argue that any such movement would require careful strategizing between Indigenous and other social movements to ensure that Indigenous priorities are not marginalized.

“What is Africa to me?” asks Countee Cullen in his famous poem, “Heritage,” which first appeared in 1925 in the special issue of Survey Graphic: “Harlem Mecca of the New Negro”; the question haunts not only this magazine issue but also the anthology it inspired, Alain Locke’s The New Negro (1925), and it is a question which Black American authors have wrestled with ever since. Cullen’s poem has been widely studied, but not much work has been done on its placement in this special issue of Survey Graphic, especially considering the fact that it directly follows Alain Locke’s article, “The Art of the Ancestors.” Clearly, there is a dialogue going on between the authors featured in this magazine about African art, African American art, and the transnational relationship between the two. In this article, I do re-readings of “Heritage” both as it appeared in Color, Cullen’s first book of verse, and also as it appeared in this special issue of Survey Graphic. Ultimately, I argue that “Heritage” has to be understood as a collaborative poem, especially in its original incarnation, and it is a poem that in its various versions is also in argument with itself.