New cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages and a proglacial lake sediment archive provide the first record of local ice cover following the deglaciation of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) in southeast Alaska. Exposure ages from Necker Bay corroborate existing evidence for a CIS deglaciation age of ∼15–14 ka from the outer coast of Baranof Island. We date retreat farther inland on the western and eastern flanks of the island to the Early Holocene, providing evidence for an ice cap persisting on Baranof Island ∼3 ka after CIS retreat. Baranof Lake sediment cores document continued local ice cover until ∼10.4 ka, after which glaciers receded to their Holocene minima until ∼8 ka. Glaciers grew through the remainder of the Holocene, reaching their maxima during the last millennium before retreating rapidly during the last century. Remote sensing analysis of glacial change around Baranof Lake from 1948 to 2023 CE shows that the rate of glacier area loss increased by an order of magnitude after 1986 CE, from −0.03 km2/yr to −0.29 km2/yr. This trend in glacier area loss is reflected across Alaska and western Canada, highlighting the sensitivity of Beringian glaciers to climate changes and the significant contribution they will make to sea-level rise this century.

To facilitate the rapid approximate prediction of the oscillation characteristics of a fluidic oscillator featuring a mixing chamber and two feedback channels, this study develops a nonlinear reduced-order model based on its underlying oscillation mechanism. By analysing the horizontal momentum of fluid parcels in the main jet, the feedback mechanism and jet attachment within the mixing chamber are separately modelled, resulting in a reduced-order equation analogous to the van der Pol equation. The model parameters are categorised into two types: shape parameters, which are derived directly from the oscillator geometry, and characteristic parameters, which are obtained from simulations or experimental data. Based on the reduced-order model, a theoretical formula of the Strouhal number (St) is proposed for fluidic oscillators with a mixing chamber and dual-feedback channels. This formula predicts St values of approximately 0.0150 and 0.0189 for typical curved and angled fluidic oscillators, respectively, showing close agreement with experimental values of 0.015 and 0.019, respectively. It also accurately captures the linear relationship between frequency and jet velocity under incompressible conditions. In addition, the model satisfactorily predicted the variation in the jet sweeping angle over time. This study offers further insights into the oscillation mechanism of fluidic oscillators and establishes a foundation for developing more accurate reduced-order models in the future.

Light pollution – the use of artificial lighting at night (ALAN) – is a growing environmental problem. This article focuses on how the European Union (EU) governs light pollution. A few key points are made. At first glance, the regulatory situation appears to be straightforward: there is no explicit EU governance in this area, as no regulation has been adopted with specific targets to mitigate light pollution. Yet, many EU instruments indirectly affect the growth of light pollution without mentioning the term by name. This article discusses specific examples from the EU Habitats Directive and the Energy Labelling Regulation, amongst others. On the basis of these examples, the article argues that this web of instruments, when considered together, can be conceptualized as ‘shadow’ governance. It concludes that unless light is shed on regulatory spillovers, the current EU regulatory framework will continue to worsen, rather than address, light pollution.

Cryptoassets, while viewed by many as a significant innovation in the banking and investment industry, present exigent risks to investors, markets and possibly the financial system itself. Can these risks be managed appropriately using securities regulation? This article argues that securities regulation is appropriate to regulate a popular kind of cryptoasset, utility tokens, given the similarities between utility token risks and those found in traditional securities markets. This analysis begins to point to a consistent global regulatory response to cryptoasset regulation and has implications for future cryptoassets and financial innovation more generally.

While prior research has established how people read in non-interactive media, little is known about the reading process in interactive multimedia such as video games. In this exploratory eye-tracking study, two levels of reading demand (high vs. low) were created during gameplay. Ninety-eight participants were randomly assigned to play a video game with either an English (L1; low reading demand) or an unintelligible foreign-language (FL; high reading demand) soundtrack. At the subtitle level, the FL group (vs. the L1 group) had higher dwell time percentages, more fixations, higher regression rates, and longer mean fixation durations. No group differences were found in saccade lengths. At the word level, the FL group skipped fewer words. An interaction was found between reading demand and word frequency, where the magnitude of skipping lower-frequency words (vs. higher-frequency words) was smaller in the FL group. Gaze duration showed a significant word frequency effect only. The FL group had longer total fixation time on words, and no interaction was found. These results showed that the FL group (vs. the L1 group) experienced greater processing efforts, as reflected in increased fixation-based measures and regressions. The current study provided empirical insights into task-driven reading in interactive multimedia.

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) has been translated into over 60 languages, and for 40 years this 10-item EPDS has remained unchanged. Meanwhile many societies during these decades have undergone cultural changes, including the use of language, the development of more diverse family structures and increased access to social media and now artificial intelligence. Perhaps an EPDS-R (revised) is now needed, and now is the time for action? The challenges that must be overcome to create a revised EPDS are the subject of this Guest Editorial, which also describes its origins in Edinburgh almost 50 years ago.

Moral disagreement is often taken to undermine claims of moral knowledge. Here, I try to show this widely held view is not true of all moral disagreements. Imagine you encounter MJ. MJ is devoted to excellence in basketball, and he excels at it in a way very few ever have. However, this single-minded pursuit blinds him to other considerations. He is indifferent to larger moral issues and expresses toxic masculinity in his interactions with others. He demeans and degrades others to win basketball games. Suppose you know that, even in ideal conditions, you would not agree on how to live. You have incompatible values. However, you do not think MJ is a fool or evil. You find his achievements to be inspiring. He has his faults but leads a good life. Now, imagine that MJ becomes familiar with your life. He is puzzled by your obsession with philosophy and thinks you are too morally sensitive. Nevertheless, he finds something to appreciate in your life. A person you admire with different fundamental values admires you. As long as you accept that there are better and worse ways of moral thinking, you can accept this moral epistemology regardless of your moral metaphysics.

Since the establishment of permanent public theatres in Brazil – known as opera houses from at least 1746 – the presence of Black and biracial artists was predominant. Enslaved individuals also participated in music, performing in orchestras and opera companies, though primarily within private contexts. During the same period, public opera houses employed singer-actors on a permanent basis. These positions were scarce and particularly significant for women, who often lacked financial independence in the Luso-Brazilian world. Many of these artists pursued parallel occupations, including tailoring, seamstressing, lacemaking and, in some cases, prostitution. Although biracial performers were required to conceal their faces with white make-up, they were nonetheless contracted for entire seasons under agreements that afforded a degree of social security, including provisions for illness. Contemporary records also document theatrical artists who succeeded in acquiring considerable wealth, enabling them to own property and, in some cases, enslaved persons. This paper examines the conditions of the first professional actors and actresses employed in eighteenth-century Brazilian opera houses, drawing on archival sources and foreign travellers’ accounts to contextualise their social, ethnic and educational backgrounds within a society profoundly shaped by slavery and racial prejudice.

The stability of the interface in a core–annular flow (CAF) of two immiscible Newtonian fluids with contrasting densities has been investigated, emphasising the role of strong circumferential rotation for the first time. The aim of the investigation is to give insight into the physical mechanisms underlying interfacial disruption. We examine the combined effects of gravity, interfacial tension, axial and azimuthal shear stresses, and centrifugal force on interface stability. The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, induced by gravity, appears as a spiral mode with a azimuthal wavenumber of one. As gravitational effects decrease, the most unstable mode number increases sharply before decreasing with increasing rotation. This non-monotonic behaviour is attributed to the interplay between azimuthal shear and centrifugal acceleration. We demonstrate that this velocity ratio fundamentally governs the onset of spiral modes by varying the ratio of the axial velocities of the core and annular fluids. Higher Reynolds numbers in the annular phase promote the emergence of higher-order spiral modes concomitant with amplified azimuthal shear at the interface. In a parametric study of the gap between the core and pipe wall, we identified a suppressive effect of reduced annular thickness on the growth of higher azimuthal wavenumbers. An energy budget analysis further delineated distinct mechanisms underpinning each instability regime and clarified transitions between them. These findings extend our understanding of interfacial stability in swirling CAFs and provide a predictive framework to control spiral-mode selection.

This study investigates the interpretation of referring expressions in Korean – a discourse-oriented language in which referential resolution relies primarily on discourse context rather than morphosyntactic cues. Across three experiments, we manipulated the accessibility of potential antecedents by varying their grammatical roles and examined the effects on referential interpretation using naturalness ratings and antecedent choice tasks. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that null pronouns function as the highest accessibility markers, yielding the strongest subject antecedent preferences and the highest naturalness ratings. In contrast, overt pronouns and full NPs displayed no clear interpretive bias in these contexts. However, Experiment 3 – featuring globally ambiguous sentences – revealed a clear three-way distinction: null pronouns were strongly associated with subject antecedents, while overt pronouns and full NPs favored object antecedents, with full NPs eliciting the strongest object bias. These findings support the key predictions of Accessibility Theory, particularly the form–function correlation linking referential form to cognitive accessibility. Notably, the accessibility distinction between overt pronouns and full NPs appears weaker and more context-sensitive, suggesting that referential form distinctions are not equally weighted across all categories. This work offers novel and comprehensive cross-linguistic support for Accessibility Theory by providing empirical evidence for the proposed hierarchy of the Accessibility Marking Scale.

This article examines the new provisions on contract interpretation and characterisation in Book 5 of the Belgian Civil Code, which entered into force on 1 January 2023. The reform preserves Belgium’s traditional subjective approach to interpretation, prioritising the parties’ common intention over literal textual meaning, contrasting with the objective or mixed approaches adopted by French law and international instruments. Regarding characterisation, Belgium introduces innovative provisions explicitly addressing contract classification and mixed contracts, filling gaps left by other legal systems. These aspects of the Belgian reform are put intto perspective with comparative observations drawn mostly from French, German, and Dutch law.

The steadily growing reliance on international dispute settlement as environmental protection means is not uncontroversial, raising three sets of issues regarding: (i) the nature of adjudicative fora (ontological issues); (ii) wider assumptions and frameworks (methodological issues); and (iii) processes for creating and implementing environmental obligations (processual issues). Accordingly, this review essay is threefold. Despite a trend towards greater reliance on international dispute settlement fora, Part I discusses whether their presumably inherent ‘anthropocentric’ orientation hinders their suitability and assesses the feasibility of solutions advocated in judicial discourses. Having observed inconsistencies between the law-ascertainment methods deployed by adjudicative fora and the general regimes on law-ascertainment, Part II contends, international law-based environmental protection risks becoming overly “judge-centric”, despite international law-making’s state-centric nature. Part III concludes considering various reversals of perspective, potentially countering the shortcomings of overly “judge-centric” environmental protection, in addition to factors such as enforceability, plausibly justifying greater reliance on arbitral fora.

Protecting beneficiaries’ privacy in fundraising has become a common practice in real-world charitable campaigns. However, empirical research directly examining how such privacy protection influences individuals’ donation behavior remains unexplored. This research compares different face anonymization techniques (partial-face and full-face anonymization) with no anonymization on donation amount, and explores the mediating roles of empathy and credibility, as well as the moderating role of need for cognition (NFC). We conducted two studies and used ANOVA and bootstrap analysis to assess these effects. The results showed that partial-face anonymization leads to better donation amounts compared to full-face and no anonymization, with this effect mediated by empathy toward beneficiaries and the perceived credibility of nonprofit organizations. Additionally, the comparative effect of partial-face versus no anonymization is significant for donors with high NFC but not for those with low NFC. Our findings offer several implications for charitable platforms, nonprofit organizations, and beneficiaries.

The world of scholarship and science is currently in disarray and under severe threat. The Institutes for Advanced Study (IAS) have always been internationally recognized symbols for academic freedom and pioneering studies of the highest standards. In the last decades, there has been a remarkable proliferation of these centres, to where they are now a global phenomenon. At their root, these institutes all aim for curiosity-based research and the formation of transnational communities engaged in unobstructed scholarship and science. Alongside the worldwide development of the IAS, there has also arisen a parallel movement, commonly known as Open Science. Seen by many academics, institutions, funding bodies and governments as a much-needed transition in university systems, Open Science implies a significant change in academia. Commencing as an initiative to stimulate discussion on open access publishing, shared data-use, academic recognition and rewards, and the legitimacy of impact factors and university rankings, Open Science increasingly also centres on connecting research and education, and science and society. Both in the IAS, as well as in Open Science, there are important developments with regard to transdisciplinary research and education. As of yet, however, a connection between the ideals and aims of the IAS and Open Science has not explicitly been made in the literature. This article aims to open up a dialogue between these driving academic forces, so that they can face the complex challenges in the world together, and work in unison and synergy towards new academic identities.