Nematodes are one of the most diverse groups of organisms, but much of their evolutionary history remains unresolved. Genetic tools have greatly advanced this field, especially in cases of cryptic diversity. Here, we reconstructed the mitogenomes of four parasitic nematodes, each from a different genus of the family Pharyngodonidae (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea): Spauligodon, Pharyngodon, Parapharyngodon, and Thelandros. For each species, whole genome sequencing was performed, using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Mitochondrial genomes were reconstructed using both reference-based mapping and bait-based iterative assembly approaches. The resulting mitogenomes were 13,692 to 16,700 bp long, included 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and the 12S and 16S rRNA regions and all lacked the ATP8 gene. All genes were on the same strand and in the same orientation, which is congruent with the composition and organization observed in other oxyurid nematodes. Also as observed in other nematode groups, the four mitogenomes exhibited major differences in gene order. It is still unknown what promotes such extensive gene order rearrangements within nematodes, even amongst related groups, but it is expected to influence the rates of evolution, especially for parasitic species, and help to explain their impressive diversity.

This article argues that music can reflect and express the ideas that define particular cultures by considering the presence of concepts from Canadian philosophy in the nation’s music. It begins by examining how musical compositions can incorporate philosophical notions before surveying some themes in Canadian philosophy. The article then identifies these concepts from Canadian philosophy in the musical compositions of artists such as Léo Pol Morin, R. Murray Schafer, Udo Kasemets, Michael Snow, Glenn Gould, R. Bruce Elder (this article’s author), and David Jaeger.

The instability of a liquid film in a nanotube is significantly influenced by van der Waals forces. A theoretical framework based on the axisymmetric Stokes equations is developed to investigate their effects through linear stability analysis. The model reveals that van der Waals forces markedly enhance perturbation growth, reduce the dominant wavelength, and lower the critical film thickness that distinguishes collapse from non-collapse regimes. Direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations both confirm these theoretical predictions and extend the analysis into the nonlinear regime. In this regime, van der Waals forces are found to alter the interfacial morphology and suppress the formation of satellite lobes. Both rupture and collapse follow a universal temporal scaling law with exponent $1/3$, and exhibit self-similar behaviour near the singularity.

Maritime transport plays a vital role in global logistics and trade; however, its environmental impact, particularly CO₂ emissions, has become a growing concern. Current estimation methodologies are divided into top-down and bottom-up approaches. Top-down methods rely on macro-statistical data but often lack specificity regarding individual ship characteristics, leading to high uncertainty. Bottom-up methods, increasingly prevalent due to advancements in ship equipment and big data technology, estimate CO₂ emissions based on detailed ship activity trajectories, offering greater precision. This study integrates data from multiple vessel-position transmitting devices — AIS, V-Pass, and LTE-Maritime — to estimate CO₂ emissions from maritime activities in the coastal regions of South Korea. By combining these data sources, the study develops a comprehensive and accurate emissions assessment, improving reliability and supporting more informed decision-making in maritime environmental management and policy development.

Variations in venous circulation can affect either the superior or inferior vena cava, with diagnoses often being incidental and presenting with highly variable symptoms. This rare case discusses the detection and investigation of bilateral superior vena cava agenesis in an asymptomatic patient.

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterised by sensorineural hearing loss and a prolonged corrected QT interval, predisposing to malignant arrhythmias. We describe two adult sisters diagnosed after recurrent syncope. Genetic testing confirmed a homozygous KCNQ1 mutation. Awareness of this condition, even in adulthood, is essential to ensure diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and prevention of sudden cardiac death.

The interaction of a pair of unequal strength counter-rotating vortices is examined using a variety of visualization methods, including volumetric particle image velocimetry. Developed vortex cavitation in the cores of the vortices is also used to characterize the interaction of the initially parallel vortices. A pair of hydrofoils was used to generate two nearly parallel vortices with varying attack angle combinations conditions over a modest range of Reynolds numbers. The vortex pairs that are produced undergo an instability that was first analysed by Crow (1970 AIAA J., vol. 8 (12), pp. 2172–2179), where the vortices interact through mutual induction, eventually leading to large deformations. Velocimetry is used to determine the characteristics for three regimes of the flow: the upstream region, effectively the initial condition of the parallel vortex pair; a midstream region where the vortices are interacting during the linear regime of the instability; a downstream region where the vortical flow is strongly three-dimensional resulting from the nonlinear vortex interactions. Properties of the vortices were measured in all three regions, including the local circulation, core size, eccentricity and velocity along the vortex axis. The rate of vortex stretching for the secondary (weaker vortex) was characterized as it undergoes strong deformation. The observed development of the instability was compared with the predictions of the theory by Crow.

This article examines the default stress pattern of Sentani (Papuan), situates it within the typology of iambic stress patterns, and provides an analysis within the Weak Bracketing framework for metrical stress theory. Sentani is unique in sometimes employing clash (adjacent stressed syllables) and other times employing lapse (adjacent stressless syllables) in an effort to avoid final stress in even-parity forms. Clash is employed in four-syllable forms, but lapse is employed in longer even-parity forms. Key to the analysis are constraints insisting that both the initial foot and the final foot carry a stress. When the initial and final foot are adjacent (i.e., in four-syllable forms), insisting that both be stressed results in a clash. When the initial and final foot are not adjacent (i.e., in longer even-parity forms), a medial foot emerges without stress in order to avoid clash.

This article proposes queernotation as a lens to understanding existing works and as a way forward for composers and musicians who find themselves limited by traditional forms of music notation. Applying queer ways of knowing and creating, I investigate the inherent boundaries in notation and how queer theory can guide us to break out of them. Queernotation connects score types to three key areas of queer theory: queer erotics, queer temporalities and queer futurity. Extending these theoretical approaches to their musical possibilities, I identify three modes of queering notation. These approaches are demonstrated in this article through existing historical and recent works and practically applied in a chamber opera that tests concepts of queernotation in directing improvisers to perform conceptual ideas on the stage. Notation for electronic instruments and with digital mediums demonstrates how technology facilitates new approaches that can queer music notation.

Understanding how reduced-tillage practices influence weed community assembly is critical for designing ecologically sustainable organic cropping systems. We evaluated the effects on emerged weed biomass and seedbank dynamics of three cropping systems combining contrasting tillage regimes and cover crop strategies within an organic corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–spelt (Triticum spelta L.) rotation. Drawing from community assembly theory, we tested the roles of abiotic (soil disturbance), biotic (crop competition), and legacy filters (crop entry and cover crop history) across crop phases and spatial positions (interrow vs. intrarow). Our results show that weed community composition was shaped more by crop identity, spatial heterogeneity, and legacy effects than by tillage intensity alone. In soybean, the system with the lowest disturbance and a 14-mo undisturbed red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cover crop legacy (IT/C–NT/S) selected for low-diversity communities dominated by giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), particularly in intrarow zones. In contrast, in corn, spatial location explained more variation than cropping system, with intrarow communities again consistently dominated by S. faberi. Seedbank composition did not differ among systems but was significantly more diverse in the entry that had spelt in the last year of the rotation compared with the entry that had it in the first year, suggesting a strong filtering effect of the winter crop. Indicator species analysis further confirmed system-level filtering, with S. faberi strongly associated with low-disturbance soybean systems. These findings underscore the importance of considering within-field spatial heterogeneity and rotational legacy when designing organic weed management strategies and support the use of ecological filtering frameworks to understand weed community dynamics in complex organic systems.

This paper seeks to question the strict separation between liberal and authoritarian legality by revealing the fictions and contradictions of liberal law necessary to maintain its order and the authoritarian practices involved in sustaining it. Bringing forth stories of carceral labour of women prisoners in an Indian prison who bear witness to authoritarian logics of punishment and animating spaces of legal ambiguity occupied by this labour, I draw out this dialectical relationship between liberal law and its authoritarian practices. I also demonstrate how carceral labour serves to construct labour and its subject outside prison as “free” (notwithstanding its actual conditions and relations of coercion), sustaining a seductive dichotomy between “free” and “unfree” labour. Both materially and psychically, the liberal rule of law asks us to deposit “unfreedoms” in prison and its practices so that the fantasy of the free liberal subject with rights and citizenship is sustained.

In recent years, alongside increasing interest in collapse narratives, Mediterranean landscape archaeologists have turned to resilience theory and concepts like sustainability to examine the complexity of social responses to environmental stress and to counter a predominant focus on catastrophism and decline. Yet the revamping of systems theory has its pitfalls, most notably in its reductionist language, its sidelining of human agency and its privileging of normative claims of success or failure. In this paper I build on cross-disciplinary critiques of resilience to highlight problems with metrics of stability or vulnerability, macrohistorical functionalism, patchy material chronologies and the obscuring of social dynamics. I argue that research on past human–environment relationships needs more attention to landscape time and smaller-scale practices, and advocate studying the political dimensions that structured how past communities created and managed liveable conditions in uneven ways.

The little n-disks operad is $SO(n)$ and $O(n)$-equivariantly formal over the rationals. Equivalently, the oriented and unoriented framed little disks operads are rationally formal as $\infty $-operads.

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is increasing in prevalence and is the leading cause of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in the industrialized world. Despite growing evidence for lifestyle interventions, adherence to nutritional and physical activity recommendations and psychological behaviours among patients with MASLD has not been previously characterized in Canada. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from patients with MASLD. Lifestyle adherence, including dietary patterns, physical activity, and psychological measures, was assessed at a single time point to describe prevalence and patterns among participants. Adults with MASLD and advanced fibrosis, were older (median age 58.4 vs 45.3years; p<0.001), had a greater BMI (median 36.3 vs 31.2; p<0.001), and have higher presence of metabolic risk factors including type-2 diabetes mellitus (p<0.001), hypertension (p=0.001), thyroid disease (p=0.02), and were of white ethnicity (p=0.002). The prevalence of mood disorder was 31% for anxiety and 16% for depressive symptoms based on HADS-A and HADS-D ≥8 indicating borderline/abnormal anxiety and depression respectively. 20% of patients had a Binge Eating Score ≥18 indicating moderate/severe binge eating behaviour. Most had poor adherence to a Mediterranean diet with an er-MEDAS ≤ 7 (56% with poor adherence, 34% with moderate adherence), 42% reported weekly alcohol consumption, and one-third had low self-reported activity levels on the IPAQ-SF. Here we identified barriers to risk reduction in patients with MASLD including increased prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, high frequency of binge eating behaviours, poor adherence to Mediterranean diet quality and sedentary self-reported activity levels.