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The ADE correspondences are ubiquitous in mathematics. We begin with the regular polyhedra (known to the ancient Greeks) and invite the reader on a journey of discovery.
The so-called Holiness Code of Leviticus highlights the importance of ethical living if Israel is to be holy as God is holy. This chapter discusses the historical-critical arguments around the composition of the Holiness Code but focuses mainly on bridge Leviticus creates between the holiness of Israel’s tent and God’s tent. Ethical purity is as important as ritual purity in Leviticus and requires holiness in every aspect of Israel’s life.
This special issue stems from the 2022 Association for the Study of Modern Italy conference, reflecting on key turning points in modern Italian history through the lens of ‘small histories’. Drawing on contemporary international historiography and the contributions in the present volume, this introduction discusses how microhistorical, biographical and related approaches may challenge or refine dominant interpretations in that they abstract from ‘grand narratives’ to instead highlight dynamics and actors that may appear to be on the margins of major historical processes. The studies in this special issue engage in particular with the intersections of identity, space and memory. Themes such as Fascism, the reshaping of Italian identity through cultural policies and the creation of a collective memory, colonialism and postcolonialism, migration and evolving gender roles are explored in diverse contexts from interwar South Tyrol through to contemporary Palermo. Together, these ‘small histories’ demonstrate the methodological and interpretative richness of focused studies in tracing Italy’s transformation across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. They challenge binaries such as centre–periphery and local–global, while shedding new light on the relation between individual experiences and the creation of shared spaces, memories and identities.
Light access is the primary factor affecting yields in cacao-based agroforestry systems (CAFS). While CAFS ecosystem services provision is extensively documented, research on improving light access in CAFS remains scarce. Shade canopy pruning, a developing technique in Latin America, is part of the long-term SysCom Bolivia trial. It is undertaken twice a year, at the start of the rainy and dry seasons. This paper presents the results of a 5-year study on the relationship between CAFS canopy cover, flowering levels, cocoa yields, and pruning events from this trial.
The seasonality and peak periods of flowering and pod production were independent from the cropping system, underlining both climatic- and genetically determined production patterns. Yet, flowering levels depended on canopy cover levels during the rainy season, which translated into different pod production levels in the following months. Average annual yields were 1300 kg ha-1 for full sun cacao, 780 kg ha-1 for agroforestry systems (AF), and 640 kg ha-1 for dynamic agroforestry systems (DAF), with rainy season canopy covers maintained at 25–35% for AF and 40–60% for DAF.
The relationships between canopy cover, flowering, and cocoa yield were found to be exponential, indicating that the lower the canopy cover, the greater the yield increase could be expected from pruning. The lower levels of cover obtained in AF after the ‘flowering’ pruning triggered better flowering levels in comparison to DAF. However, these did not systematically translate into significantly higher yields, underlining the probable significance of the ‘ripening pruning’ for DAF’s cocoa yield. Overall, our results show (i) the great potential of timely shade canopy pruning and (ii) the need to adapt such a technique to systems’ diversity and density to make it cost/labour-effective and support its scalability.
The Third Conference on African History and Archaeology, sponsored by the School of Oriental and African Studies of London University on July 3-7, 1961, followed in the series of four-yearly meetings begun in 1953 and continued in 1957. It was already abundantly clear in 1957 that African history had come into its own as a recognized field of study. The Journal of African History, now in its second year and preparing to expand from two to three annual issues, was an outcome of the second conference. It marked the coming-of-age.
This chapter delves into further demonstrations of dissent arising from the growing politicization of government affairs. It was an escalating process of public contention instigated by the increase in royal taxes, the magistrates’ attempt to suppress the 1781 city council’s elections, the audiencia’s handling of the mass indigenous uprising led by Tomas Katari in the Charcas region in the late 1780 and the subsequent rebel siege of Chuquisaca in February 1781, and the imposition of tobacco monopoly that raised retail prices. The first section of the chapter deals with the circulation of anonymous pasquinades. In societies where publicity was deemed a privilege granted by the monarch and freedom of expression was subject to strict censorship, libels emerged as a major political tool. The chapter analyzes a large number of pasquinades that criticized royal magistrates and government policies. Other topics include the successful of resistance of the city council officials to the Crown authorities’ attempt to invalidate the 1781 municipal elections, the role of the urban militias in defeating the rebel siege of the city, and popular opposition the royal tobacco monopoly established in early 1781.
Dear Mårten, begun. And this is my first trembling typing on a brand-new Dell computer equipped with Windows 98.
I and my Swedish assistant, Torkel Stiernlöf, Dimitri Perricos from Vienna and Åke Sällström from FOA (Swedish Defence Research Institute) met at the visitors’ entrance of the UN. We were received by the head of UN (United Nations) security, my future secretary (Olivia Platon from the Philippines). She has been with the former UNSCOM chairmen, Ekéus and Butler, before me. There was also the head of the UNSCOM/UNMOVIC administration, Mrs Alice Hecht. They escorted us up to the thirty-first floor of the Secretariat building, where UNSCOM has had its premises and where UNMOVIC is now taking over. I walked around and said hello to everybody. I was horrified to see that people almost sat on crates in minuscule areas! It was so crowded. If this is a ‘skeleton’ staff, how would it be when we are fully staffed?
This chapter delves into the concept of paradata with the dual aim to link paradata’s notable complexity to broad utility, and to provide groundwork for exploring paradata in the subsequent chapters of this volume. The concept of paradata is investigated in several ways, including explaining the etymology of paradata and reviewing paradata definitions in survey research, archaeology, and heritage visualisation research – three domains where paradata use is most well-established. The chapter then moves on to discuss metadata and provenance data, two key related terms that are used to further interrogate the concept of paradata. The chapter shows that the concept of paradata encompasses a range of meanings and definitions, and that these share several common characteristics and correspondences, but also notable differences. To conclude, the chapter outlines two approaches to grasping and utilising the concept of paradata. The many definitions of and approaches to paradata are discussed as being, in some respects, an obstacle for understanding and employing the concept. The chapter, however, also underlines the complexities of the concept of paradata as a useful resource when building connectivities across its many possible domains of use and application.
Atonement is a critical component of the cultic system described in Leviticus 1–7 and 16. Purification of sin and thanksgiving offerings shape the worship of Israel. This chapter describes the theology of sacrifice and atonement in Leviticus, the specific offerings, and how atonement has been interpreted by later commentators.
This chapter articulates Paul’s presentation of “the problem” that God in Christ has resolved. It demonstrates the “transgressive” nature of Paul’s analysis of his world and articulates the way his understanding of the problem features stratified layers of interlocking phenomena: the cosmic power of Sin and the “identity influencers” (or stoicheia) of this world.
The chapter examines the application of intersectionality theory to feminist judgment writing at the International Criminal Court (ICC), questioning whose feminism is centered and which intersections matter. Drawing on Black feminist scholarship, Dawuni evaluates both the merits and limitations of intersectionality as a framework for judicial decision-making in international criminal law. The chapter argues that while intersectionality can illuminate how multiple identities shape experiences of victimisation and access to justice, careful attention must be paid to avoid reproducing marginalisation through oversimplified applications. It critiques the continued impact of coloniality on the ICC’s operations and questions the homogenisation of African experiences in international law. The analysis concludes with recommendations for judges, registry staff, and researchers, emphasising the need for continuous education on intersectionality, greater institutional diversity, and constant self-reflection about positionality and privilege. Dawuni argues that true intersectional justice requires transforming both the composition and operational culture of international criminal institutions.
The concluding chapter discusses the ideological underpinnings of the Chuquisaca movement. It reappraises a recurring idea throughout the book: that appealing to ancient Hispanic constitutional doctrines did not make the political process more moderate and backward-looking, less intransigent and corrosive than other revolutionary movements in Spanish America at the time. It is a concept defined as the radicalism of tradition. Beyond formal political proclamations, routines of obedience to authority broke down; traditional social classifications were no longer associated with a particular kind of participation in public life; and the barriers between the urban popular sectors and the creole elites grew increasingly porous as the local communities asserted themselves as the primary loci of collective identity and their traditional place in the imperial order came under public scrutiny. The growing weight of the general will in state affairs favored a practical exercise of sovereign rights that, couched in the contractual character of the monarchy, made submission to the metropolis and its overseas agents a matter of opinion, an object of consent. A brief assessment of the reception of the liberal Constitution of Cadiz of 1812 highlights the pervasive effects of these shifts in the inner workings of politics and social representations.
The Introduction introduces the central research questions of the study and summarizes the main arguments. It also lays out the research design and discusses the key concepts and how it measures them. Finally, it provides summaries of all of the chapters in the book.