Tracing the development of an inclusive political subjectivity through decades of political upheaval leading up to and since the revolution, Iranian society has been regularly wracked by intense political upheavals that challenge state authority and the status quo of established powers and institutions. Most of these protest movements have seemed to fail and have often been followed by a period of apparent quietism. Yet by consistently expanding the participatory claims of an active citizenry, these movements have furthered the democratic potentials of Iranian society. Reconsidering the achievements of the 1999 university protests, the women’s movement (in both its secular and Islamist forms), the 2009 Green Movement, and the 2022–2023 Women, Life, Freedom movement, this chapter argues that Iranians have been actively creating themselves and recognizing each other as fully developed citizens. Drawing on the accounts of women of different generations involved in separate movements and protests, this chapter considers evolving changes in consciousness and practices as women struggle for full acceptance and equal participation as Iranian citizens.

Towards the end of his life, and at the height of his fame, Joseph Haydn composed two oratorios based on libretti by Baron Gottfried van Swieten. The Creation (1798) has enjoyed a continual life in the concert hall and has produced one of the most unwieldy bibliographies in Haydn scholarship. However, Haydn’s The Seasons (1801) has had no such luck. Many factors have contributed to its neglect, central among them a lingering belief that The Seasons suffers from a poor libretto and lacks the musical insight and innovation of the earlier oratorio. Scholarship on The Seasons remains minimal, and is often, though not uniformly, characterised by analytical musical discussion rather than critical analyses of how the oratorio responds to cultural and artistic phenomena of the eighteenth century.

This chapter explores the intersection of legal methodology and beer law, drawing parallels between brewing recipes and regulatory frameworks. It posits that beer law is a distinct legal field, akin to IT law, requiring an understanding of technological and market dynamics. The pragmatic method emerges as the most suitable approach for beer law, emphasizing practical applicability over rigid legal interpretations. The chapter highlights the role of institutions in shaping beer culture and law, using Iceland’s prohibition history as a case study. It discusses performance-based regulation as a potential framework for beer law, advocating for flexibility and innovation in legal structures. Additionally, the chapter addresses the teleological aspects of beer law, stressing the importance of purpose in legal interpretation, particularly concerning trademarks and quality assurance. Ultimately, it asserts that the guiding principle of beer law should be the practical availability of beer, advocating for interpretations that support the brewing and distribution capabilities of relevant institutions.

The editors of this volume view the many challenges of its title as an opportunity, not a problem. Although musical culture that could be understood as “Czech” makes up a significant portion of this book, the volume does not exclusively focus on supposedly “Czech” music.1 Additionally, the regions often referred to as “Czech lands” acquired many titles in various languages throughout history and sometimes held radically different meanings, including “the Czech Republic,” “Czechia,” “Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia,” “Čechy, Morava, a Slezsko,” “Böhmen, Mähren, und Schlesien,” and “the Bohemian crownlands,” among other possibilities. In his landmark essay “Where is Central Europe?”, Historian Lonnie Johnson explains that even seemingly neutral descriptions of geographic spaces like these are actually deeply subjective and instable, redefined time and time again by notions of religion, empire, monarchy, kingdom, ethnicity, race, region, sub-region, ordinal direction, nation, state, historical narratives, victimhood, belonging, “otherness,” culture, homogeny, democracy, exclusion, and genocide.2 And while this list is in no way exhaustive, its challenges are only intensified by the possibilities of combination and negation: notions of a multiethnic monarchy, for example, or heterogeneous post-communist nation. That is, Johnson reminds us that even at the level of geography, understandings of boundaries are not stable; instead, they are stories. And these stories, just like supposed “histories” themselves, are always cultivated, curated, and, by extension, incomplete and partial.

This concluding chapter summarizes the most pertinent insights from health economics that have been developed in the book. In addition, it includes a section on “debunking” in which economic theory and evidence contradict or heavily qualify views commonly held by experts in health management and policy. The pervasiveness of actionable inefficiency, the emphasis on medical spending rather than health benefits, the value of cost-sharing for nonpoor insureds, and the functioning and tax treatment of employment-based health insurance are all considered.