Amur honeysuckle [Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder] is an abundant invasive species throughout Kentucky and the surrounding region. It forms dense stands, outcompeting and displacing native species and adversely impacting the regeneration, succession, and biodiversity of deciduous forest communities. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of L. maackii removal alone relative to removal followed by restoration plantings to suppress reinvasion and facilitate forest understory native plant community recovery. In March 2019, a field experiment was conducted with the following treatments: (1) untreated control; (2) L. maackii removal with 0.023 kg ae L−1 glyphosate cut stump application (CH plots); and (3) same treatment as in 1, plus restoration plantings of wildrye grasses (Elymus spp.) and northern spicebush [Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume] (CHP plots). Lonicera maackii removal and cut stump glyphosate treatments effectively reduced L. maackii canopy cover, increased herbaceous cover, decreased bare ground, and increased species richness over time compared with untreated plots. However, we did not find any differences (P > 0.05) in L. maackii cover or other plant community variables between CH and CHP treatments over time. Thus, we found insufficient evidence that restoration plantings of Elymus spp. and L. benzoin suppressed L. maackii reinvasion compared with L. maackii removal alone. Spearman rank-correlation tests indicate L. maackii removal correlated with increased herbaceous cover (ρ = −0.75, P < 0.0001), lower bare ground (ρ = 0.714, P < 0.0001), and higher species richness (ρ = −0.693, P < 0.0001). Further studies of L. maackii removal plus restoration plantings are needed that test different species combinations and/or season of planting (i.e., spring vs. autumn) to determine the most effective restoration planting strategy to simultaneously suppress L. maackii reinvasion after removal and facilitate native plant community recovery in forest understories.

Paschen’s law relates the breakdown voltage ($V_B$) of a gas to the product of the gas pressure ($p$) and the inter-electrode distance ($d$), predicting a characteristic minimum breakdown voltage at a specific $pd$ value. In this study, the roles of electrode configurations (symmetric and asymmetric) and inter-electrode spacing on gas breakdown processes (or Paschen’s law) are examined. Numerous sets of experiments are performed with both symmetric and asymmetric electrode configurations of different sizes to obtain Paschen curves at different inter-electrode distances. The experimentally obtained Paschen’s curves for different electrode configurations are fitted using a proposed modified empirical relation for $V_B$, incorporating variable power-law dependencies and fitting parameters to better capture the observed deviations. Upon closer inspection, we observed that the breakdown voltage ($V_B$) and the corresponding $pd$ value ($pd_{\min}$) are influenced by both electrode configurations and inter-electrode discharge gap. The variation in $V_B$ and $pd_{\min}$ for different electrode configurations is explained by analysing the electric field distributions between the electrodes (cathode and anode) for an applied voltage.

This study investigates how practice conditions—specifically spacing and contextual variation—affect incidental vocabulary learning during second language reading. While repeated encounters with unfamiliar words support lexical acquisition, it remains unclear how the distribution of exposures and consistency of surrounding contexts modulate this process. Ninety-two Catalan/Spanish bilingual learners of English read texts of approximately 900 words containing 20 pseudowords, which served as novel vocabulary items, under two conditions: three readings of the same text or one reading of three different texts. Each target pseudoword appeared six times across the three readings. Repeated reading was either massed (one session) or spaced over three weekly sessions. Eye movements were recorded to assess online processing of target pseudowords. Results showed that spaced and contextually varied conditions elicited more and longer fixations, indicating increased processing demands. These more difficult conditions were not desirable as they did not facilitate recall or recognition of new vocabulary. Instead, immediate vocabulary gains were greater in the massed condition, which was less cognitively demanding during reading, though these gains declined more sharply. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of practice conditions depends on how well they support processing of previously encountered novel words at an optimal level of difficulty.

Disinformation poses a serious threat to democracy, yet regulating it risks infringing on freedom of speech. This article defends the democratic legitimacy of regulating disinformation by distinguishing it from two similar forms of speech: ‘false opinion’ and ‘toxic persuasion’. I argue that disinformation, as deliberate falsehoods intended to manipulate citizens’ political judgment, does not merit protection. Regulation, on this account, is normatively legitimate and desirable when it safeguards citizens’ ability to function as meaningful decision makers in the democratic common world. I then propose a dual-track model to identify removable content. Paired with regular review, transparency obligations, and an appeal process, this framework offers principles that help democracies to balance between protecting expressive freedom and resisting disinformation.

This article offers new data on women and men’s occupations in Spain at the end of the nineteenth century. Our main source is the Censo de la Población de España 1887, which we combine with other sources to correct for women’s under-recording (different statistics and social reports). The main occupations of men and women based on the 1887 census are identified. By combining demographic data with other sources, we correct the under-recording of women’s work and show women’s high labor participation rates—more than 50 percent—in different judicial districts specialized in food processing, textiles, tobacco, and footwear industries. Furthermore, we provide a spatial analysis of the distribution of women’s employment.

Although Louis XIV’s sponsorship of a French Jesuit presence in China is well known, his attitude to the major dispute over the Chinese rites which engulfed the mission has been barely explored. This article shows that, as the Chinese Rites Controversy reached its peak in Paris and Rome in the years around 1700, Louis XIV’s response was surprisingly inconsistent, reflecting the fact that the two groups of missionaries whose work in east Asia he had supported – the Missions étrangères de Paris (MEP) and the French Jesuits – were pitted against one another. Furthermore, the king’s somewhat contradictory interventions were due to the opposing directions in which his chief advisers on ecclesiastical matters pushed him: his confessor La Chaise towards support of the Jesuits, and his wife Madame de Maintenon and Archbishop Noailles of Paris towards helping the MEP. In the end, Louis decided not to wield his influence in Rome in favour of one side or the other, but to leave the decision to the Holy See while prohibiting publication on the ‘Chinese affair’ in France. In doing so, the article offers an exploration of ecclesiastical policy in the making under the Sun King.

J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge (DDNWR) is located on Sanibel Island along the southwestern coast of Florida, USA. There, eutrophication attributed to agricultural discharge along the Caloosahatchee River has affected the area’s aquatic habitat. In anticipation of additional nutrient loading, we experimentally fertilized mangrove forests with nitrogen (+N; NH4) and phosphorus (+P; P2O5) for 3 years, and monitored soil and pneumatophore CO2 fluxes and tree sap flow from two mangrove species. Furthermore, we modeled individual tree and stand water use, from which we developed carbon (C) budgets for +N and + P vs. control simulations based on a novel application of water use efficiency conversion. Many of the measured response variables provided hints of subtle changes in response to +P rather than +N, which were enhanced when scaled. From this, we found that additional P loading is expected to reduce both gross and net primary productivity as well as CO2 uptake via net ecosystem exchange of C, likely pressing the system beyond metabolic capacity and leading to a 48–62% decrease in projected lateral C export. Greater eutrophication will likely compound vulnerabilities to sea-level rise submergence, especially where P concentrations are high and already reducing soil surface elevations.