This chapter summarizes the MOUDD theory of phenomenal consciousness, and responds to dualist arguments based on bats, zombies, color inverts, and Mary in her black-and-white room.

If we think of ourselves as the “highest” forms of life, we often think of Bacteria as the “lowest” forms of life. We also think of Bacteria as ancient, “primitive,” and ancestral. As discussed for many other extant branches of the tree of life, these views are misleading. But these views may be especially hard to jettison when thinking of Bacteria – aren’t they more ancestral than we are? But we must always come back to this idea: Bacteria are not our ancestors – they are extant cousins. As will be detailed below, all lineages of organisms descended from the LUCA; the major lineages of life did not descend from Bacteria.

The clade Bacteria includes species that are ecologically essential (e.g., as decomposers that impact the carbon cycle) and that comprise key organisms of our microbiome (e.g., the symbiotic Bacteria normally found on our skin and in our digestive tracts). Bacteria also cause many diseases, including stomach ulcers (Helicobacter pylori), tetanus (Clostridium tetani), and acne (Cutibacterium acnes).

Humanity’s impact on the planet is undeniable. Fairly and effectively addressing environmental problems begins with understanding their causes and impacts. Is over-population the main driver of environmental degradation? Poverty? Capitalism? Poor governance? Imperialism? Patriarchy? Clearly these are not technical questions, but political ones.

Updated to cover new debates, data, and policy, and expanded to include chapters on colonialism, race and gender, and the impacts of energy and resource extraction, this book introduces students to diverse perspectives and helps them develop an informed understanding of why environmental problems occur.

How the international community should act is deeply contested. Guiding students through the potential responses, including multilateral diplomacy, transnational voluntary action, innovative financial mechanisms, problem displacement, consumer-focused campaigns, and resistance, this book explains the different forms of political action, their limitations and injustices.

Online resources include lecture slides, a test bank for instructors, updated weblinks to videos, and suggested readings for students.

From the time that all human deeds began to be handed down through the records of history, and for the memory of posterity, the greatest war known to us was the Marsic, named after the Marsians.1 It surpassed all previous ones in terms of the bravery of its commanders and the size of its accomplishments.2 The Trojan War and the valor of its heroes were dramatically made known by the most distinguished of poets, Homer, so that their reputation is superior.3 There Europe was fighting against Asia and the greatest continents were earnestly striving for victory. Thus the deeds of the combatants brought it about that for successive people the theaters have been filled with their tragic and mythic achievements.

Brian Libgober (Northwestern Political Science) drills down on the well-known but critically important fact that the justice gap particularly afflicts communities of color. Libgober tours new research finding that African Americans face significant barriers in finding lawyers, perhaps because of anticipated decisional bias within the legal system. The result is a bracing reminder that the justice gap is rooted in much wider structures of racial inequality and a profit-oriented legal marketplace that systematically under-serves certain segments of the population. His work shows the urgency – and difficulty – of meaningful reform.

Question 1: Which of the following statements is TRUE about rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disorder?

Hamilkar the Carthaginian, called Barkas, and his son Hannibal were said to have been the greatest of the Carthaginian commanders, not only more so than their predecessors, but also those who came later. By their deeds they greatly increased their native land.

This chapter explores techniques for analyzing and comparing pairs of networks, building on previously introduced statistical models and representation learning methods. It focuses on two-sample testing for networks, introducing methods to determine whether two network observations are sampled from the same or different random networks. The chapter covers latent position and distribution testing, addressing nonidentifiability issues in network comparisons. It then explores specialized techniques for comparing stochastic block models (SBMs), leveraging their community structure and discussing methods for testing differences in block matrices, including density adjustment approaches. A significant portion is devoted to the graph matching problem, addressing the challenge of identifying node correspondences between networks. This section introduces permutation matrices and explores optimization-based methods, including gradient descent approaches, for both exact and inexact matching scenarios. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes practical implementations with code examples, bridging the gap between theoretical concepts and real-world applications in network analysis. These techniques provide a comprehensive toolkit for comparing networks, essential for understanding evolving networks, analyzing differences across domains, and integrating multisource network data.

The chapter sets out a conceptual taxonomy for thinking systematically about old and new risks perceived to have a global dimension. It uses the complexity of those worldwide risks and the timeline of the disasters they portend to build the analytical scaffolding for understanding our current dynamic governing practices that are evolving to manage them in their diversity. It also sets out the scope conditions for both feasible insurance practices and for the political utility of insurance metaphors. As risk complexity deepens and time horizons lengthen, the potential role of market mechanisms shrinks, and collaborative government appears increasingly necessary.

Question 1: Which of the following signs and symptoms is NOT characteristic of pyromania?

Question 1: The following are symptoms of schizoid personality disorder, EXCEPT?

Natalie Byrom explains how the Legal Services Act 2007 (LSA 2007) aimed to reform legal services in England and Wales to enhance consumer protection and access to justice. However, its focus on professional titles and reserved activities created complexity and hindered innovation, especially for low-income individuals. Public funding cuts in 2013 worsened the situation, leading to increased self-representation and strain on the judiciary. In response, the Ministry of Justice and Senior Judiciary launched a £1.3bn digital reform in 2014 to modernize court operations. However, by 2023, only twenty-four out of forty-four projects were completed, with key initiatives like the Online Solutions Court abandoned due to delays and COVID-19 disruptions. In November 2023, a new vision proposed a public–private partnership for digital justice, leveraging technology to streamline processes and support from private sector services. This raises questions about market readiness, incentives for data sharing, and necessary regulatory adjustments to ensure fair access to justice. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving legal service delivery and access to justice.

Chapter 20 covers the topic of conversion disorder and factitious disorder. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with conversion disorder and factitious disorder. Topics covered include diagnosis and differential diagnoses of conversion disorder and facititious disorder, la belle indifference, management and prognosis.