Climate change is projected to alter the biology and distribution of many helminth species. We investigated the influence of climate on the current distribution of Parapharyngodon sceleratus, a monoxenic, generalist nematode parasite infecting 29 lizard species in South America, and evaluated its potential future range shifts under climate change. Using ecological niche modelling, we predicted the species’ current and future range distributions. Precipitation-related variables were the primary determinants of the spatial distribution of the worm. Areas of medium to high environmental suitability are concentrated in regions with seasonal tropical warm climates, as well as temperate regions with dry summers and mild winters. Future projections indicate a progressive reduction of highly suitable areas and an expansion of areas with low suitability, particularly in northern and central South America, by 2100. However, the Atlantic Forest, the northeastern Brazilian coast, a site within the semiarid Caatinga, and open vegetation areas in Chile persist as refugia of high habitat suitability. Our findings suggest that rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns may constrict the geographic range of this helminth. Contrary to predictions for other parasite taxa, our results highlight a negative impact of climate change on the distribution of a monoxenic helminth.

Experimental investigation is presented to elucidate flow structures and corresponding frequencies on finite span, cantilevered wings as functions of sweep angle and taper ratio. A detailed parameters sweep of planform geometry varied the leading and trailing edge sweep angles of NACA 0015 wings with a semi-aspect ratio of 2. The experiments were performed at Reynolds numbers O($10^5$) and angles of attack $12^\circ$–$22^\circ$. The experiments included flow visualisations, volumetric flow measurements, time-resolved measurements at selected spanwise planes and aerodynamic loads. This is the first time, to the best knowledge of the authors, that multiple configurations were tested under the same exact conditions. The correlation between three-dimensional (3-D) Reynolds stress distributions and 3-D flow separation is presented. Moreover, spectral content reveals modes that vary along the span, as well as for different planforms. For all wings, at the locations of largest reversed flow, power spectral density (PSD) peaks were seen at $0.1\lt St\lt 0.2$, corresponding to vortex shedding. At spanwise locations near surface spirals the PSD exhibits peaks at lower frequencies of St = O(0.01) due to focus point wandering. The mean flow fields presented here show similarities to previous numerical simulation findings on similar geometries at Reynolds number O($10^2$). Moreover, the spanwise location of the largest magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy corresponds to the location of the most amplified mode at a Reynolds number of 400 found previously. The present research, complemented by previous low-Reynolds-number work, provides fundamental insights into global flow structures on multiple finite span wings, their corresponding spectral content and the effect on their aerodynamic performance.

What is the gender distribution among authors in top-cited articles? To answer this question, we examined the 20 most-cited articles for each of the 201 most frequently used concepts in political science during the past 10 years. Using a sample of 4,020 articles comprising approximately 8,500 authors, we confirmed the underrepresentation of female authors among top-cited articles. Women account for approximately 38% of authors within this canon of articles. On the one hand, this finding is encouraging considering that women’s proportion of authorship did not decline relative to their overall representation among published authors. On the other hand, it is discouraging considering that most recent influential research continues to be written primarily by men. To explain variation in the proportion of female authors per article, we find that women are more likely to engage in single-authored publications and to use qualitative methods. In contrast, we find no significant difference between male and female scholars in the rankings of the journals in which they publish.

This essay revisits the hypothesis that Bede modelled his story of Cædmon on that of Muḥammad in CE 610. It is argued that the pilgrim Arculf, who visited Jerusalem in around 680, transmitted the Prophet’s story to Abbot Adomnán in Iona in 683–6, and that Adomnán passed it to Bede with his De locis sanctis in Jarrow in 688. It is shown that Bede’s knowledge of the religion that became Islam was limited and that his attitude towards ‘Saracens’ remained neutral until around 715, when the news about the Arabs’ occupation of Seville, city of Isidore, would have reached him in Northumbria. Despite evidence for Bede’s later hostility to the Arabs, my essay claims that he continued to regard Muḥammad’s story as suitable because his reading of Acts and the Pauline epistles primed him to accept all vernacular languages, including Arabic, as a medium for the word of God.

This work aims to describe and analyze a relatively new, puzzling construction that has become very productive in informal registers of English. It is primarily used by younger generations, especially on the web and social-media platforms, but also in spoken language. It appears with the configuration negative marker + subject in the accusative case + gerund (e.g. Not me taking the train at 5 a.m.; meaning: it is ironic and unexpected that I took the train early at 5 a.m.). These constructions, which we dubbed not-ACC-ing constructions, are strictly root phenomena where negation does not reverse the polarity of the sentence. They convey a peculiar ironic, sarcastic, self-deprecating flavor. The existence of the not-ACC-ing construction raises the following questions, which we will address in this article: (i) How come negation does not have its prototypical function of reversing the polarity of the sentence? (ii) How come the subject is in the accusative case, despite not-ACC-ing constructions being invariably root? (iii) How is their peculiar interpretation obtained? We propose an analysis that captures all their structural and interpretive properties by combining some crucial ingredients of Lowe’s (2019) analysis of ACC-ing constructions and Greco’s (2020) analysis of Expletive Negation.

We numerically study the flow past an azimuthally oscillating cylinder at Reynolds number ${\textit{Re}}=250$ to analyse the three-dimensionalities observed in the recent experiments of Bhattacharyya et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 950, 2022, p. A10). Specifically, we focus on the two newly discovered three-dimensional instability modes, referred to as modes Z and Y in the experiments, by suitably varying the cylinder oscillation amplitude and forcing frequency. Our direct numerical simulations (DNS) visually confirm the unique honeycomb-like structure of mode Y, also matching its spanwise wavelength, while mode Z, also referred to as mode D elsewhere, is not found at the expected parametric space but at an oscillation amplitude three times higher. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition modes extracted from the DNS data reveal the near-wake dynamics of mode Y to be modulated by the forcing frequency and its subharmonics. Mode D/Z is found to be strongly correlated with a two-dimensional modal regime, especially at the forcing frequency, its subharmonic and higher harmonics. Mode Y does not show significant correlations with this two-dimensional flow except at a low frequency and only at its far wake. The honeycomb nature of mode Y is a result of its relatively higher forcing frequency causing multiple vortex sheddings over a rather compact space. Higher cylinder oscillation amplitude increases the overall drag, with the two-dimensional flow regimes generally yielding lower drag and lift. The results here suggest mode Y to be a unique three-dimensional mode of azimuthally oscillating cylinders and mode D/Z to be merely an intermediate state with the cylinder wake transitioning from the classical three-dimensional mode B to a two-dimensional state.

The manual identification of ancient agricultural terraces is time-consuming and subjective, limiting large-scale archaeological landscape documentation. This study applies deep learning to detect ancient terraces in the Bozburun Peninsula, southwestern Turkey, a historically significant Hellenistic landscape. Four U-Net–based architectures were implemented—early, intermediate, and late fusion, along with an RGB-only baseline—integrating high-resolution aerial imagery (30 cm) and digital elevation models (DEMs) across 193 km2. Sixteen manually digitized areas (37.8 ha) produced 256 training patches (512 × 512 px). The early fusion model that combined spectral and topographic data achieved the best performance (IoU = 0.754; accuracy = 85.9%). Monte Carlo evaluation confirmed its robustness. Spatial analysis showed that 89.8% of detected terraces lie below 300 m elevation, mainly on 10°–20° slopes with north-northwest orientation, in agreement with previous archaeological observations. Compared with expert digitization, the model yielded higher precision (87.4% vs. 79.3%), while experts achieved higher recall (94.3% vs. 76.6%). Applied to the full peninsula, the model mapped 2,517 ha of terraces. Validation using an existing archaeological dataset (Demirciler 2014) enabled direct comparison between automated and expert-based interpretations. The results indicate the potential of deep learning for terrace detection in Mediterranean landscapes and outline a methodological framework for documenting threatened cultural heritage.

Variation in orchid seed size and shape can be linked to phylogenetic relationships, habitat preferences, germination behaviour or dispersal strategies. To investigate this, we compared 45 orchid species from 29 genera collected across different localities in Cameroon using optical microscopy. We categorized each species according to lifeform (38 epiphytic vs. 7 terrestrial), altitudinal range (11 mountain vs. 34 lowland) and geographic distribution (28 widespread vs. 17 range-restricted). We analysed seed morphology using phylogenetic signal tests, analysis of variance and principal component analysis. Our results confirm a clear distinction between epiphytic and terrestrial species, with intermediate morphologies observed in genera encompassing species with both lifeforms (Cynorkis, Graphorkis, Habenaria and Liparis). Certain traits, such as seed length and seed air space, show a strong phylogenetic signal, suggesting that these traits are more linked to ancient evolutionary history than to recent ecological adaptation. Among the 38 epiphytic species, no consistent relations were found between seed traits and either geographic range or altitudinal distribution. Our findings suggest that the variation observed in seed morphology among African orchids is influenced more by phylogenetic relationships than by present-day distribution.

Flying on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) above Earth’s turbulent atmosphere, the Aperture Masking Interferometer (AMI) on the NIRISS instrument is the highest-resolution infrared interferometer ever placed in space. However, its performance was found to be limited by non-linear detector systematics, particularly charge migration — or the Brighter-Fatter Effect. Conventional interferometric Fourier observables are degraded by non-linear transformations in the image plane, with the consequence that the inner working angle and contrast limits of AMI were seriously compromised. Building on the end-to-end differentiable model & calibration code amigo, we here present a regularised maximum-likelihood image reconstruction framework dorito which can deconvolve AMI images either in the image plane or from calibrated Fourier observables, achieving high angular resolution and contrast over a wider field of view than conventional interferometric limits. This modular code by default includes regularisation by maximum entropy, and total variation defined with l1 or l2 metrics. We present imaging results from dorito for three benchmark imaging datasets: the volcanoes of Jupiter’s moon Io, the colliding-wind binary dust nebula WR137andthe archetypal Seyfert 2 active galactic nucleus NGC 1068. In all three cases we recover images consistent with the literature at diffraction-limited resolutions. The performance, limitations, and future opportunities enabled by amigo for AMI imaging (and beyond) are discussed.

Using an original representative survey of 3,179 participants, we study the determinants of support for reintroducing inheritance taxation in Mexico. Two scenarios are analysed: a universal tax and a progressive tax applied only to inheritances exceeding USD 1 million (purchasing power parity [PPP]). While support for the universal tax is low (13.3 per cent), the progressive tax garners significant backing (41.8 per cent), reflecting a preference for progressivity. Regression and lasso models reveal that perceptions of tax evasion among the wealthy are the strongest predictors of support for the progressive tax. At the same time, trust in government is critical for the universal tax. Contrary to findings in high-income countries, fairness concerns such as the proportion of wealth from inheritance or corruption or reasons for poverty play a limited role in shaping attitudes. These findings provide valuable insights for tax policy design in unequal societies and emphasise the importance of addressing perceptions of compliance.

The Projection Studio (https://theprojectionstudio.com/) has been creating public art with sound and projection for over thirty years. During this time, we have built a body of work which uses video projection mapping and audio as a tool for public engagement. Using large-scale public art for public engagement can give results that other types of engagement cannot. It can draw large audiences, new audiences, and give researchers and academics the opportunity to meet people who would not normally engage with the subject matter. In this article, we reflect on how that process can work, using as an example the award-winning projection and sound piece “Victorian Speed of Life.” This was created for the European Research Council funded project “Diseases of Modern Life” (https://diseasesofmodernlife.web.ox.ac.uk/home). We will also look at its impact on both researchers and the public audience.