The article critically reviews the main claims in the recent literature on the semantics of English at least, at the least and at the very least, as members of a larger family of scalar markers, and it focuses on the common meaning of at least, at the least and at the very least. This semantic ‘common core’ is described in terms of a scalar component, a positive component and a restrictive component. The context can highlight the latter two components and this is argued to explain the distinction described in the literature in terms of a positive evaluation and a rhetorical retreat. The article also proposes to explain the emphatic character of at the very least in terms of a double scalar comparison.

Proposed assisted dying legislation does not adequately consider comorbid mental illness, such as depression, which variably compromises decision-making capacity. Current tests of capacity are limited in their ability to assess any such compromise, and therefore we highlight these concerns and put forward suggestions as to how this may be rectified.

This article unifies two adjectival phenomena of Germanic languages: the double definiteness of Norwegian, Swedish, and Faroese, and the attributive-only inflection of West Germanic adjectives. I argue that the functional head Agr(eement) is responsible for both. Since Agr can perform only one of these two functions in a given language (the second definiteness marker of Scandinavian and the attributive inflection of West Germanic), these two phenomena are in complementary distribution.*

The European Union (EU) is facing an ongoing challenge to its institutional and political legitimacy. The 2014 European Parliament elections marked a decisive step towards bringing the EU closer to its citizens by increasing the personalization of EU politics. Under the slogan ‘this time it’s different’, the idea was that the ‘winning’ lead candidate (Spitzenkandidat) of the EP elections would become the new President of the European Commission (EC). However, the selection of von der Leyen as EC President after the 2019 EP elections neglected this process. Inspired by procedural fairness theory, we investigate the impact of the Spitzenkandidaten process on citizens’ satisfaction with democracy in the EU. In a first study, we use observational survey data to examine whether Europeans reacted negatively when the Spitzenkandidaten process was ignored in 2019. In a second study, we investigate how the Spitzenkandidaten process could be salvaged to increase citizens’ satisfaction with EU democracy. We focus on the involvement of citizens through a primary system to select potential Spitzenkandidaten and the binding nature of the results of the EP elections to determine the EC President. Our two studies show the low impact of the Spitzenkandidaten process: Member state governments are able to override the results of the Spitzenkandidaten process without having to fear a (large) public backlash. Increasing citizen participation through a European primary does not affect this conclusion. In summary, we find very little evidence for the relevance of procedural fairness for citizens’ evaluation of the EU and the Spitzenkandidaten process.

Theorists conceptualize reactive aggression as emotional (especially angry) and proactive aggression as unemotional (although it is unclear whether relations between proactive aggression and emotion are null or negative). Goals of the current study were to: (a) examine links between reactive aggression and a range of emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, and anxiety), and (b) include neutral emotion to address whether proactive aggression is unrelated or negatively related to emotion. To assess emotion, playgroups of four same-sex, unfamiliar, nine-year-old children (N = 158; 52.5% males; racially/ethnically diverse) interacted as round-robin dyads while completing challenging and cooperative tasks; observers coded emotions second-by-second. To assess both behavioral and observational reactive-versus-proactive aggression, children completed video games with virtual peers. Reactive aggression was positively related to happiness, anger, and anxiety and negatively related to neutral emotion, for at least one task and one aggression measure. Proactive aggression was positively related to neutral emotion but negatively related to happiness, for both tasks and aggression measures. Findings enhance theoretical understanding of: (a) reactive aggression as broadly emotional by relating it to happiness and anxiety as well as anger, and (b) proactive aggression as unemotional by linking it to the display of neutral emotion and the lack of display of happiness.

This article examines Turkey’s position as an aid recipient during the Cold War, benefiting from assistance provided by both the United States and the Soviet Union. Adopting a comparative approach, this study investigates the impact of these investments on the development of two major iron and steel plants: the Ereğli Iron and Steel Plant (ERDEMİR), constructed with American financial and industrial support, and the İskenderun Iron and Steel Plant (İSDEMİR), established with Soviet assistance. Both projects sparked political controversy in Turkey during the 1960s and 1970s, shaped not only by the ideological rivalries of the Cold War but also by material realities on the ground. In terms of the conditions attached to aid, transfer of technology, and ownership structures, there were significant differences between the support offered by the capitalist and socialist countries. These differences were evident in the cases of ERDEMİR and İSDEMİR, where two distinct models were used for practical testing. This article argues that comparing the construction and operation of these plants provides valuable insights into the nature of Cold War aid and contributes to the broader global literature on the subject.

In this paper, the evaporation of neighbouring multi-component droplets or rivulets – often found in applications such as inkjet printing, spray cooling and pesticide delivery – is studied numerically and theoretically. The proximity induces a shielding effect that reduces individual evaporation rates and disrupts the symmetry of both the concentration profile and the flow field in the liquids. We examine how the symmetry of flow and concentration fields is affected by key parameters, namely the contact angle, the inter-droplet (or inter-rivulet) distance and the magnitude of surface tension gradient forces (i.e. the Marangoni number). We focus on binary mixtures, such as water and 1,2-hexanediol, where only one component evaporates and evaporation is slow, thereby allowing simplifications to the governing equations. To manage the complexity of the full three-dimensional droplet problem, we begin with a two-dimensional model of neighbouring rivulets. Solving the complete transient equations for rivulets with pinned contact lines and fixed inter-rivulet distance reveals that the asymmetry – quantified by the position of the interfacial stagnation point of the flow – diminishes over time. Using a validated quasi-stationary model, we find, with increasing contact angle and inter-rivulet distance, that the stagnation point migrates closer to the centre, yet it remains unaffected by the Marangoni number. A simplified lubrication model applied to droplets shows similar dependencies on contact angle and distance, although here the stagnation point appears to vary with the Marangoni number. We attribute this dependence to the additional azimuthal flow in droplets, leading to a nonlinear evolution of the concentration and therefore a non-trivial dependence of the symmetry on the Marangoni number.

We use the principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to rigorously formulate the transport equations for granular systems consisting of oriented particles. The state variables are taken to be the density, velocity, thermal temperature, granular temperature (particles agitation) and the orientation tensor. The evolution of the state variables is governed by the associated balance laws in terms of fluxes. The contributions of the granular agitation energy and orientation to entropy are introduced into the Gibbs equation. The balance of entropy is used to identify the entropy production as the product of thermodynamics forces and fluxes. Using classical linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics the fluxes are considered to be linear in the thermodynamic forces. The Onsager–Casimir reciprocal relations and the representation theorem of isotropic tensors provide further restrictions that simplify the formulation. The non-negative entropy production requirement is satisfied by restricting the matrix of phenomenological coefficients to be positive semidefinite. Similarly the boundary conditions are constructed. The transport coefficients are then determined by comparison with available results from the granular kinetic theory of spherical particles and other available results for oriented particles. It is shown that not only these results are well captured, but also the formulation provides a framework for further generalization. The significant contribution of this work is the rigorous formulation of a physically admissible generalization to granular gases of oriented particles which reveals the role of the orientation in the transport equations and identifies couplings that might otherwise be omitted.

Inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) systems require compensating capacitors to operate efficiently. However, these capacitors can introduce additional costs, weight, and losses, particularly at MHz-range operating frequencies. To mitigate these issues, self-resonant coils can be used by exploiting the parasitic capacitances inherent in double-layer printed circuit boards (PCBs). In this work, a double-layer coil for a self-resonant series WPT system is developed for operation at the AirFuel standard frequency of 6.78 MHz. Unlike conventional design methods adopted for self-resonant coils, mainly based on analytical formulations, the proposed approach employs Finite Element Method simulations that couple electro-quasistatic and magneto-quasistatic formulations. This approach enables accurate evaluation of the self-resonant frequency (SRF) as well as the current distribution along the PCB layers, revealing significant non-uniformity. Building on this insight, copper trace length is reduced to save material while maintaining performance in terms of operating frequency. Both the full-trace and reduced-trace coils are fabricated and tested, showing good agreement with simulations. Notably, the proposed reduction in the copper trace affects the SRF by only 3% compared with the full-trace design.

In this paper, we prove a property of kernels of Brauer characters. We propose a candidate for the kernels of Isaacs’ partial characters, and we show that this candidate has the same property.