Occupational accidents impose devastating human and economic costs worldwide, yet evidence on how judicial decisions affect workplace safety remains scarce. This study provides the first causal evidence on this relationship by examining Argentina’s landmark Aquino ruling (2004), which eliminated employers’ exemption from civil liability for workplace accidents. Using an event study design with provincial panel data (1997–2021), we exploit the differential impact of increased employer liability on workplace accidents versus commuting accidents (in itinere) as our identification strategy. Results show that workplace accidents decreased significantly by 16–27% following the judicial decision, with larger reductions in provinces with higher initial number of accidents. Importantly, we find no evidence of moral hazard effects when examining accidents that are difficult to detect and verify. The findings demonstrate that judicial decisions creating immediate economic liability can generate substantial behavioral responses even in developing country contexts with limited enforcement capacity, suggesting that liability-based approaches may effectively complement traditional regulatory strategies for improving workplace safety.

The spatial structure of advective transport in two-dimensional homogeneous Rayleigh–Bénard (HRB) convection is investigated by means of direct numerical simulations. The convective driving leads to the emergence of thermal plumes. These create dynamically changing pathways characterised by localised mean flows. The resulting large-scale anisotropy of the system diminishes with increasing nominal Rayleigh number (Ra). The key components of advective transport are extracted via a network-based analysis of Lagrangian trajectories. This reveals a coherent structure based on plume-related pathways that governs the transport of heat and matter. A reduced description of the structure is given by the zero isoline of scale-filtered vorticity. While its essential large-scale characteristics display only a weak dependency on Ra, geometric analysis shows that the decrease of large-scale anisotropy with increasing Ra is due to a reduction of the length of vertical transport paths. Mean profiles with respect to the transport paths suggest that this reduction is caused by an enhanced turbulent transfer of temperature fluctuations into adjacent shear layers and vortices. This process leads to a spatial decorrelation of temperature and velocity and, consequently, to a reduced structural impact of the thermal driving on the flow. Spatially resolved nonlinear fluxes indicate that shear layers and vortices next to the transport paths are associated with a spectrally inverse flux of enstrophy. The observed structure of advective transport in HRB convection also displays asymptotically scale-invariant characteristics, contrasting the structural properties of wall-bounded classical Rayleigh–Bénard convection.

The mood amongst workers in Western Europe as the 1960s ended was one of frustration and anticipation. From the streets of Paris in May 1968 to the factory floors of Turin in the autumn of 1969, social movements of workers and students demanded a real say over their daily lives and the institutions that shaped them. These calls for economic democracy were picked up by trade unions, national politicians and, eventually, the European Commission. In 1973, having published proposals that included plans for ‘worker participation’, the Commission wrote that if employees did not have a voice, the Commission’s proposals would not ‘satisfy the requirements of society today’. However, the Commission’s interpretation of industrial democracy was criticised by trade unions and socialist politicians, buoyed by the militancy of the workers, for not going far enough. As the Commission tried to persuade labour representatives that the European project was taking their demands seriously, another critique of worker participation crystallised on the right. As Keynesianism lost credibility in Member States, and a neoliberal discourse emerged around the need for Europe to be ‘competitive’ and ‘flexible’, employer groups pushed back against worker participation and undermined a labour movement that had posed a genuine threat to capital’s interests. This paper tells the story of one component of the Commission’s plans: the proposed Fifth Company Law Directive. Using archival material from EC institutions and employer lobby groups, it argues for an understanding of company and labour law harmonisation that takes seriously the political economy of Western Europe during the ‘Long 1970s’.

Incense burners are frequently excavated at Roman period sites, attesting to acts of combustion within domestic ritual practices, but what was burnt is still uncertain. Here, the authors use microscopy and spectrometry to analyse burnt residues contained within two censers from domestic contexts in Pompeii and a nearby villa. Their results indicate that woody plants were burnt in both censers, either as fuel or offerings, alongside stone fruit or laurel plants and possibly wine or grapes, while traces of Burseraceae resins, originating from Asia or sub-Saharan Africa, provide the first archaeological evidence of incense offerings in the Pompeian domestic cult.

Digenean trematodes are parasites with a complex life cycle that often infest shell-bearing mollusks and produce distinct traces on the host skeleton that are recognizable in the fossil record. Here, three bivalve species (Transennella conradina, Abra segmentum, and Chamelea gallina) from Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of Florida and Italy were used to evaluate the hypothesis that trematode infestation affects shell morphology. The morphological effects of infestation were evaluated using geometric morphometrics and the pallial sinus index (PSI = pallial sinus length/shell length). For all three host species: (1) large size classes possess higher trematode prevalence (i.e., proportion of specimens possessing trematode-induced pits within a population) and higher per-specimen frequency of trematode-induced scars when compared with smaller size classes, suggesting ontogenetic accumulation of parasites; and (2) infested and non-infested specimens significantly differ in shell landmark-based morphology. Geometric morphometric analyses indicate that in two out of three species (Transennella conradina, Abra segmentum): (1) PSI and thin-plate spline analyses suggest significant pallial sinus reduction in infested specimens relative to non-infested; and (2) overall morphospace range, estimated by sample-standardized principal component (PC) hypervolume, was inflated with the inclusion of infested specimens. Consistent with previous studies, results indicate that trematode-induced morphological changes may influence the burrowing capabilities of the studied bivalves, affecting their ecological functioning and fitness. Changes in morphospace induced by trematode parasites hamper species delineation and confound morphometric and disparity patterns in the fossil record of infestation-prone species. Excluding fossil specimens with trematode traces can mitigate those confounding effects. Conversely, comparative morphometric analyses of infested and non-infested host specimens may allow us to investigate host responses to parasites over evolutionary timescales.

The present study examined whether mothers’ pointing and the interaction between maternal pointing and infants’ point-following performance predict infants’ receptive and expressive vocabulary. At each month from 8 to 12, Turkish-speaking mother–infant dyads (N = 56) participated in the decorated room paradigm to determine pointing frequency and the point-following paradigm to determine whether infants follow points to surrounding pictures. Receptive and expressive vocabulary was measured at 14 and 18 months, respectively, using the Turkish CDI. Infants’ point-following performance at 11 months predicted their receptive vocabulary. Moreover, the interaction between maternal pointing and infant point-following at 12 months predicted receptive vocabulary, indicating that maternal pointing frequency predicted infants’ receptive vocabulary only for advanced point-followers, not for visual-field point-followers. We found no significant association between maternal pointing or infants’ point-following performance with expressive vocabulary. These findings suggest that infants’ point-following performance plays a role in their early word learning during mother–infant interactions.

This paper will trace the arrival of cocaine in colonial South Asia between 1885 and 1911. It argues that across that period two separate and distinct markets developed, one after the other. The first was a straightforward medical market, the second a more complex one, where the substance was made available beyond anything that resembled a formal medical context, to consumers who had uses for it other than the strictly therapeutic. This market had emerged by the end of the 1890s and endured until the Second World War. The study engages with David Courtwright’s ideas about the nature of ‘limbic capitalism,’ arguing that the sudden arrival of a novel therapeutic in a complex context at this time is the ideal place to see how far those ideas are useful to historians.

The two books discussed in this review essay speak to issues of projections implied in Western political thinking in the distinction between the “West” and the “East”. This includes a tradition in “Western” discourse to project features with negative connotations, such as “despotism”, onto a construed “Eastern other”, thus obliterating comparable structures of hierarchy in the “own”, and it is also linked to the heavy ideological load that concepts of “East” carry when it comes to geopolitical projections of otherness, and often enmity. In Global Easts: Remembering, Imagining, Mobilizing, Jie-Hyun Lim undertakes a sweeping critique of the projections just mentioned and links this with a critique of nationalism as well as current mass politics. In Marx, Marxism and the Question of Eurocentrism, Kolja Lindner is concerned with reconciling postcolonial perspectives with at least some of Karl Marx’s work, insofar as it has been criticized for Orientalist and modernist bias.

A nonlinear stability analysis entirely in the Lagrangian frame is conducted, revealing the fundamental role of the wave-induced mean flow in modifying further wave growth and providing new insight into the classic problem of wave generation by wind. The prevailing theory, a critical-layer resonance mechanism proposed by Miles (J. Fluid Mech., 1957, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 185–204), has seen numerous refinements; yet, the role of Lagrangian drift – the velocity a fluid parcel actually experiences – in wave growth was not understood. Our analysis first recovers the classic Miles growth rate from linear theory before extending it to third order in the wave slope to derive a modified growth rate. The leading-order wave-induced mean flow alters the higher-order instability, manifesting as a suppression of growth with increasing wave steepness for the realistic wind profiles considered. This modified growth rate shows good agreement with experimental observations, explaining the observed steepness-dependent suppression via a single physical mechanism. An integral momentum budget clarifies this mechanism, revealing that the wave-induced current alters the coupling between the total phase speed and the total Lagrangian mean flow at the critical level (as defined in the linear theory), thereby acting to reduce the efficiency of momentum transfer. Notably, this Lagrangian drift is precisely what Doppler-shift-based remote sensing of upper ocean currents measure, providing a direct observational pathway to account for this wave-induced feedback in studies of air–sea coupling. More broadly, this approach can be generalised to analyse other shear instabilities and provides a direct path towards refining wind-stress parametrisations.

Scholarship over the last 70 years has shown that Madison looked to Hume for insight regarding faction, constitutional attachment, and political methodology. But the now commonplace image of a Humean Madison is misleading. I argue that Madison’s understanding of self-government drew from the science of man articulated in Witherspoon’s Lectures on Moral Philosophy, Hutcheson’s moral sense theory, and Reid’s common sense philosophy. These Scottish sources, all of which were critical of Hume, relied on Butler’s conception of the authoritative conscience. This recovery of Madison’s Scottish sources restores the primacy of reason and conscience in his system, in which the interest-based clash of factions, about which Hume theorized, is a secondary mechanism, always subordinate to the reason-based pursuit of the common good. For Madison and his Scottish sources, the will’s responsiveness to reason is the sine qua non of self-government.