The ongoing war in Sudan, which erupted in April 2023 between the Sudan Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces, has generated one of the most significant humanitarian crises globally, with nearly 13 million people displaced and over 30 million requiring humanitarian assistance. Although the physical destruction and mass displacement have been widely documented, the mental health consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety, remain critically under-recognised and under-resourced. This paper situates the current conflict within Sudan’s political and health system history, examines the fragility of existing mental health infrastructure and reviews emerging population-level mental health needs. It further highlights ongoing emergency and community-led mental health responses and identifies priority gaps for coordinated, context-appropriate intervention.

The Gender Balance Assessment Tool (GBAT) was introduced in 2016 as a shortcut for researchers and instructors who wanted to quickly determine the gender balance of the authors in their bibliographies and syllabi. In the years since then, some journals and departments have encouraged its use. However, technology also has changed significantly during this period, and the emergence of generative AI models have introduced systems with enormous potential to evaluate the demographic balance of syllabi and bibliographies. By leveraging information on the Internet other than names, and by being less constrained in terms of formatting and name recognition, this article shows that generative AI systems are superior to the GBAT, in terms of both their accuracy and their ability to evaluate general demographic balance rather than only gender balance.

Do young women and men join political parties for different reasons? To investigate, we theorize the following: first, women will be more attracted by social incentives and men by material ones, while purposive incentives will be equally appealing to both; second, before signing up, women will have more party-affiliated family ties than men; and third, these ties will moderate the gender gap in incentives. Drawing on YOUMEM survey data from over 3500 youth wing members of the main center-left and center-right parties in Australia, Austria, Germany, Italy, and Spain, we find strong support for our argument. Our results show that, already in this early – but crucial – part of the pipeline to power, the incentives for joining parties are gendered: young women are more mobilized by social benefits, and less so by material ones. In addition, they are more likely than men to have party-affiliated family ties, indicating that these resources are particularly valuable to them in overcoming the disadvantages they face when entering politics. Notably, family ties boost women’s purposive motivations more than men’s, but they also reduce women’s material motivations to a greater extent. Our findings indicate that if parties are interested in recruiting more young women, they should emphasize the social rewards of membership in their recruitment campaigns.

In behavioral genetics, divorce is typically analyzed as an individual-level outcome, even though marital dissolution can only be experienced by couples. In this article, we discuss how assortative mating complicates the study of couple-shared outcomes because individual-level effects can be confounded by effects of the spouse. We then show how chain-linking affines (i.e., in-laws) provides sufficient information to estimate spousal similarity for couple-shared outcomes, which we incorporate into an extended twin model that we use to test for sex differences and assortative mating for individuals’ liability to divorce. We linked the Norwegian twin register to the Norwegian population register and constructed 124,544 extended family units (1196 units with monozygotic twins) comprising 353,210 marriages entered between 1983 and 2008. We found that divorce was significantly correlated among affines, and that female relatives were more highly correlated than male relatives. The extended twin model estimated a strong correlation (r = .60, SE = .10) between female and male familial factors. Couples’ liability to divorce was attributed to 18% (SE = 5%) female and 10% (SE = 3%) male familial factors, with an additional 16% (SE = 4%) accounted for by their correlation. Estimates from a classic twin model were considerably higher. These findings show that spousal similarity is an important source of variation in divorce liability and that failing to model it can inflate estimates of individual-level effects. Overall, the analytical framework offers a blueprint for dissecting any couple-shared outcome into sex-specific and assortative components.

Through this post-qualitative inquiry, I explore what kinds of literacies do learners in an elementary outdoor program practice, and how are they shaped by the more-than-human world? I situate my research within the context of a socially and ecologically precarious world, from a posthuman theoretical perspective in conversation with Indigenous literacies, to build an argument for an embodied, sensory, multimodal, emergent, relational, and more-than-human conception of literacy. The study focuses on the experiences and literacy practices of fifteen elementary aged children in a multi-grade, forest school program in southern British Columbia, Canada. Using photographs and field notes, this study interrogates logocentric literacies and employs literacy as an event, a process-based concept with meaning-making and sense-making occurring relationally, often in surprising ways that defy prior predictions, and therefore contain multiple possibilities. Meaning and sense-making interact to create powerful literacy experiences that transcend language.

Psalidodon bifasciatus is a small characiform, originally described as endemic to the Iguaçu River basin. However, a recent study recorded a population of P. bifasciatus in the Piquiri River basin (upper Paraná), although data on its geographic distribution and parasitological aspects are still limited. The study characterized the parasitic fauna of P. bifasciatus in two streams, one from each basin, and compared them in terms of richness, diversity, and parasite community structure. Twenty-six females were collected in a stream in the lower Iguaçu River basin, and 25 females in a stream in the Piquiri River basin (upper Paraná) in September 2018. The parasite community structure of P. bifasciatus differed between areas, with a predominance of monopisthocotyls and greater richness of parasitic taxa for hosts in the lower Iguaçu River basin. In the Piquiri River basin (upper Paraná), the parasite community was characterized by a higher prevalence of larval nematodes and a lower richness of parasite taxa. The differences in the richness and structure of the parasite communities between the two areas support the hypothesis of the introduction of P. bifasciatus into the Piquiri River basin (upper Paraná). Therefore, we emphasize the need for further studies addressing the distribution pattern of P. bifasciatus, as well as additional parasitological studies to determine whether the parasitological taxa of P. bifasciatus are shared in other hydrological systems. This study contributes to the knowledge of the biological aspects of P. bifasciatus in both basins and improves our understanding of how host-parasite interactions can be informative in species introduction scenarios.

We argue that it is both timely and critical to make a clearer distinction between destructive/toxic and incompetent leadership to advance research and better mitigate the problems with leadership quality. To achieve this, we first review and integrate the fragmented literature on the subject and specify what competent and effective leadership is. We then propose an operational definition of toxic leadership that is useful for practitioners to make a better distinction between toxic and incompetent leadership. We finally provide recommendations to avoid and deal with toxic leadership in organizations and discuss research directions.

We establish several new properties of the p-adic Jacquet-Langlands functor defined by Scholze in terms of the cohomology of the Lubin-Tate tower. In particular, we reprove Scholze’s basic finiteness theorems, prove a duality theorem, and show a kind of partial Künneth formula. Using these results, we deduce bounds on Gelfand-Kirillov dimension, together with some new vanishing and nonvanishing results.

Our key new tool is the six functor formalism with solid almost $\mathcal {O}^+/p$-coefficients developed recently by the second author [Man22]. One major point of this paper is to extend the domain of validity of the $!$-functor formalism developed in [Man22] to allow certain ‘stacky’ maps. In the language of this extended formalism, we show that if G is a p-adic Lie group, the structure map of the classifying small v-stack $B\underline {G}$ is p-cohomologically smooth.

Recent academic debate has questioned whether equitable interests should continue to be classified as proprietary, proposing instead analyses based on “rights against rights”, “modified” proprietary rights or the erosion of the proprietary/personal divide. This article, based on the text of the XXIV Old Buildings Lecture 2025, argues that these alternative frameworks, while illuminating, do not displace the enduring value of the traditional proprietary analysis. It shows that equity has long functioned as the principal means by which the law recognises ownership beyond traditional common-law categories. The proprietary characterisation of equitable interests accords with established principle, is often the simplest workable solution to the problem in hand, and corresponds to the ordinary understanding of ownership.

Across psychiatry, neurodivergence is highly prevalent yet under-recognised. Psychiatric vulnerability, treatment response and prognosis are critically shaped by co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism and tic disorder. Clinical recognition of neurodivergence and effective management can mitigate mental illness, prevent suicide and reduce societal costs. Services and training should adapt accordingly.

Individual social identities indicate group affiliations and are typically associated with group-typical preferences, signals that indicate group membership, and the propensity to condition actions on the social signals of others, resulting in group-differentiated interaction norms. Past work modeling identity signaling and coordination has typically assumed that individuals belong to one of a discrete set of groups. Yet individuals can simultaneously belong to multiple groups, which may be nested within larger groupings. Here, we introduce the generalized Bach or Stravinsky game, a coordination game with ordered preferences, which allows us to construct a model that captures the overlapping and hierarchical nature of social identity. Our model unifies several prior results into a single framework, including results related to coordination, minority disadvantage, and cross-cultural competence. Our model also allows agents to express complex social identities through multidimensional signaling, which we use to explore a variety of complex group structures. Our consideration of intersectional identities exposes flaws in naive measures of group structure, illustrating how empirical studies may overlook some social identities if they do not consider the behaviors that those identities function to afford.

We examined how first (L1) and second language (L2) English speakers interpret thematic roles when semantic cues conflict with syntactic cues in discourse contexts. We tested three groups: monolingual English speakers, Taiwanese Mandarin-speaking and Japanese-speaking L2 learners of English. Participants read written vignettes containing target sentences with by-phrases (e.g., Jerry was robbed by the thief). In these sentences, the embedded by-phrase noun was either semantically congruent or incongruent with the previous and subsequent discourse context. An offline comprehension task measured interpretations of the agent. Following predictions from the Competition Model and the Shallow Structure Hypothesis, we tested whether L2 speakers would rely more heavily on semantic cues as a general rule, or whether differences in how L1–L2 structures differ within and between participants would influence comprehension of the agents. Results from Bayesian multilevel regression models indicated that L2 speakers were more likely to choose agents based on semantic cues when compared to L1 speakers. No strong effects of L1–L2 cue similarity were obtained. Our results lend new support to the view that L2 speakers rely more heavily on discourse-level semantic cues than L1 speakers, highlighting the need for further research on cue competition in discourse contexts.

This festschrift essay honors the academic life and work of Douglas Laycock, one of the most important scholars and advocates in American law and religion. This essay offers tribute to a mentor from whom I took three classes and an independent study in law school, for whom I worked as a research assistant, and with whom I have remained in close conversation during my two decades in the academy. It also offers an insider’s account of Laycock’s intellectual project and influence—punctuated with stories, observations, and nuggets of wisdom drawn from a close reading of his scholarship and briefs. This essay traces Laycock’s career from his early academic work to his later role in landmark Supreme Court litigation, ultimately seeing Laycock’s deepest legacy as lying not only in the doctrines he helped shape, but in a model of intellectually serious, cross-ideological engagement that both inspires us and calls us to account.

In this paper, the transition processes induced by three-dimensional wavy wall roughnesses with two different distribution topologies (staggered type-S and aligned type-A) are studied at Mach 5.92 by direct numerical simulations. For the first time, the effects of the two distribution topologies on transition are investigated. It is found that the type-S roughness can induce transition significantly earlier – about 34.5 % earlier than that of the type-A roughness under the conditions in this paper. Both the type-S and type-A roughnesses can induce counter-rotating pairs of streamwise vortices. A ‘staggered-enhancing’ mechanism for the vortices is discovered in the type-S roughness, which results in significantly stronger vortices than in the type-A case. The enhanced vortices in turn produce stronger shear layers, which is the key factor leading to the stronger transition-induced ability of the type-S roughness. Then, based on the spectral proper orthogonal decomposition, the linear and nonlinear instability characteristics of the two roughnesses are investigated. For type-S roughness, its downstream linear instability is dominated by the low-frequency shear layer instability near 50 kHz. Once the linear fluctuation amplitude saturates, the nonlinear breakdown is triggered from the shear layer. For type-A roughness, its downstream linear instability is co-dominated by two modes: the low-frequency shear layer instability near 23 kHz, and the high-frequency Mack’s second mode above 100 kHz. Both modes exhibit significantly lower growth rates than the dominant shear layer instability in the type-S case, ultimately delaying the transition onset compared to type-S roughness.

A theoretical study is made of steady, subcritical (Froude number $F \lt 1$) two-dimensional free-surface flow due to a uniform stream flowing over smooth, locally confined bottom topography of large horizontal extent ($L \gg 1$) and finite peak height ($\varepsilon = O(1)$). In earlier work, this flow was analysed based on the nonlinear shallow-water equations which neglect the effects of dispersion altogether. This so-called hydraulic theory predicts a steady disturbance confined in the vicinity of the topography if $\varepsilon$ is below a critical value $\varepsilon _{\textit{crit}}(F)$. The present asymptotic analysis of the full potential flow equations focuses on how dispersive effects (controlled by $\mu = 1/L \ll 1$) influence this steady state, particularly in regard to a steady short-scale radiating wave downstream that is ignored by hydraulic theory. Utilizing exponential asymptotics, it is shown that as $\varepsilon$ is increased this dispersive wave, whose amplitude is formally exponentially small with respect to $\mu$, grows sharply and ultimately it becomes comparable with the hydraulic wave disturbance when $\varepsilon$ approaches $\varepsilon _{\textit{crit}}$. Thus, the nonlinear shallow-water equations break down in the vicinity of $\varepsilon _{\textit{crit}}$ regardless of $\mu \ll 1$. The asymptotic results are supported by numerical solutions of the full potential flow theory, which also reveal a limiting $\varepsilon$, $\varepsilon _{\textit{lim}} \approx \varepsilon _{{ crit}}$, above which steady wave responses cannot be computed. For $\varepsilon$ just below $\varepsilon _{\textit{lim}}$, the downstream wave resembles a steep steady Stokes periodic wave, while for $\varepsilon$ slightly above $\varepsilon _{\textit{lim}}$ unsteady computations suggest that the downstream disturbance steepens and breaks.

This article explores the paradoxical phenomenon of far-right “philosemitism,” in which political movements historically steeped in antisemitism present themselves as defenders of Jews and allies of Israel. Drawing on contemporary examples—such as the French National Rally’s claim to be a “shield for Jews,” and the American evangelical alliances with Israel—the study situates these gestures within a longer trajectory of far-right ambivalence toward Jews. While often dismissed by pundits and scholars as simply opportunistic weaponization of antisemitism, these pro-Jewish stances also reveal deeper discursive and ideological functions: self-legitimation, moral licensing, and the repositioning of Jews as symbolic allies against other outgroups. This article identifies such ambivalence in early 20th-century European thought, highlighting case studies from the German Empire where figures such as Börries von Münchhausen, Wilhelm Schwaner, and Max Hildebert Boehm articulated versions of philosemitism that combined admiration with exclusionary imperatives. Across contexts, a recurring logic emerges: a dualistic “Good Jew/Bad Jew” distinction, whereby “authentic” Jews—biblical, assimilated, or nationalist—are praised, while “inauthentic” Jews—cosmopolitan, liberal, or diasporic—are condemned. By historicizing far-right “philosemitism,” its function, and significance, this article is an attempt to combat its harmful normalizing effects.