This article investigates how the Vatican viewed and responded to ‘patriotic’ or ‘progressive’ priestly movements in Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia during the early Cold War. While these movements have been examined within their respective national contexts, little attention has been paid to their reception in Rome. Drawing on archival material from the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, the article analyses a 1955 Vatican investigation that led to the banning of clerical-progressivist newspapers in the Soviet bloc. It argues that the condemnation of these publications was intended not only to censor specific texts but also to delegitimise state-supported clerics and shield the Church from internal division. The investigation was shaped decisively by émigré clergy from Central and Eastern Europe, who translated local ecclesial developments into analytical categories intelligible to the Holy Office and persistently framed ‘progressive’ Catholicism as a coordinated, state-backed challenge to doctrinal and hierarchical unity. At the same time, assessments by Western theological experts influenced Roman deliberations, reinforcing parallels between Eastern European clerical periodicals and condemned Western ‘progressive’ Catholic publications. The article further demonstrates that the Holy Office did not operate as an autonomous repressive apparatus. While it pursued condemnations of texts, Pope Pius XII repeatedly curtailed or postponed broader disciplinary measures, favouring calibrated responses that avoided provoking schism or intensified state repression. Overall, the study situates Vatican responses to ‘progressive’ Catholicism within the broader constraints of Cold War politics, revealing a strategy marked by doctrinal vigilance, institutional restraint and adaptive use of indirect instruments of authority.

Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates are necessary for several statistical techniques. Researchers need accurate ICC estimates when conducting prospective power analyses for clustered data scenarios. In addition, meta-analysts require reasonable ICC values when adjusting effect size estimates to account for clustered primary study data or to correct for psychometric artifacts when using the ICC as a reliability measure. The validity of these analyses hinges on the accuracy of the ICC estimate. Beyond these secondary analyses, ICC estimates have been used as the focal outcome of meta-analysis itself to obtain a pooled measure of agreement, reliability, or the influence of a cluster’s effect. This study evaluates how well meta-analytically pooled ICC estimates recover the population ICC parameter value when using different ICC variance formulas as the inverse variance weights used in the pooling. We found that the variance formula that uses a normalizing transformation performs best across most conditions.

The diverse cutthroat eel family Synaphobranchidae comprises 13 genera and 57 species of mostly deep-sea fishes documented from all oceans. Here, we report on the catch of a single synaphobranchid specimen in the Kong Haakon VII Sea off Dronning Maud Land, representing the first record of the genus Ilyophis in the Southern Ocean. The specimen was trawled at a depth of 1500 m during the 2019 joint expedition of the Norwegian Polar Institute, Institute of Marine Research (Norway), the University of Bergen (Norway), the Arctic University of Norway, the University of Science and Technology (Norway) and the Stellenbosch University (South Africa) onboard the Norwegian research vessel Kronprins Haakon. The specimen is deposited in the ichthyological collection of the University Museum Bergen. In this study, we tentatively identify the specimen as Ilyophis cf. maclainei based on an integrative taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial partial cytochrome oxidase I places the Antarctic specimen in a clade of sequences deposited in Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) as Ilyophis sp., Ilyophis cf. brunneus and Ilyophis brunneus. Morphological data show overlaps in some morphometric and meristic characters with I. brunneus and the recently described I. maclainei - with no genetic samples currently being available for the latter. Our analysis reveals taxonomic issues within I. brunneus and the need for increased sampling and a worldwide taxonomic revision of I. brunneus. The full mitochondrial DNA of the Antarctic specimen is reconstructed as a resource for future research.

The ‘Costumes of Authority’ project (2022–2024) investigated how clothing expressed secular and religious authority in Christian Nubia (ninth–fourteenth centuries). Experimental reconstruction of five representative costumes (two kings, two royal mothers, one bishop) based on iconographic and textile evidence highlights the physical impact and visual effect of these garments.

Despite the wealth of research on how education affects political participation, there are few studies that successfully identify the effects of different types of education or different educational tracks. In this article, using a regression discontinuity (RD) design, we present evidence on how electoral participation is affected by pursuing a general (academic) versus a vocational programme in upper secondary education. These two pathways represent a fundamental educational differentiation in most European countries. By exploiting Swedish register data and the admission process for upper secondary education, we provide robust support for causal inference. In contrast to previous research, we do not find positive effects from attending a general programme on voter turnout. In fact, in our RD analysis, our estimates suggest negative effects. This analysis focuses on students who apply for general and vocational programmes – a group with average academic skills. The negative effects appear related to that these students perform poorly in general programmes and risk dropping out. Furthermore, in a population-level analysis relying on within-family comparisons, we predominantly find null effects on turnout of attending a general programme, compared to a vocational one. We conclude that there are no universal positive effects of starting a general rather than a vocational secondary education – and that effects can turn negative for students who start an education that is too demanding. This finding implies that it is important to design secondary education such that it matches the abilities of different students, not only for labour market prospects, but also for their political inclusion.

Buoyancy-driven bubbly flows naturally have spatially dependent density fields, which allow for multiple definitions of the scale-dependent (or filtered) energy. A priori, it is not obvious which of these provide the most physically apt scale-by-scale budget. In the present study, we compare two such definitions, based on (i) filtered momentum and filtered velocity (Pandey et al., J. Fluid Mech., 2020, vol. 884, p. R6), and (ii) Favre-filtered energy (Aluie, Phys. D: Nonlinear Phenom., 2013, vol. 247, pp. 54–65; Pandey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2023, vol. 131, p. 114002). We also derive a Kármán–Howarth–Monin relation using the momentum–velocity correlation function and contrast it with the scale-by-scale energy budget obtained in (i). We find that, for the volume fraction and Atwood number explored, irrespective of the definition, energy transfers due to the advective nonlinearity and surface tension are identical. However, discrepancies arise for the buoyancy and pressure contributions. We show that the Favre-filtered definition is the more appropriate choice, within which buoyancy injects energy, pressure transfers energy to large scales and both advective nonlinearity and surface tension transfer energy downscales where it is dissipated by viscosity.

Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) significantly simplifies the design of reward functions in reinforcement learning (RL) tasks. However, because of the tasks’ complexity, intransitive preferences, and sensitivity to preference errors, PbRL requires substantial feedback to achieve the desired performance. This extensive reliance on expert input notably increases the burden on participants. We have developed a novel framework: Self-teacher-learning preference-based reinforcement learning (STL-PbRL). In the teacher-led (TL) module, agents learn more reliable reward prediction models (RM) through TL PbRL. In the self-learning (SL) module, agents utilizing the preference comparison approach for trajectory segments integrate sparse but critical, easily designed task-oriented information into the feedback process. The STL-PbRL framework incorporates the SL module to refine the RM initially generated by the TL module. We have demonstrated that this integration significantly enhances RM by enabling RM to converge toward an optimal reward model that effectively supports achieving a training policy that meets task objectives. This streamlined and efficient STL-PbRL framework enables a more accurate and efficient training process. Our experimental results confirm that the SL module seamlessly integrates with existing PbRL algorithms, significantly reducing the need for feedback and alleviating the impact of errors in preference indications. This efficiency and effectiveness highlight that STL-PbRL innovates, simplifies, and enhances the RL training process across various applications.

Double-diffusive convection, in which the density of a fluid is dependent on two fields that diffuse at different rates (such as temperature and salinity), has been widely studied in areas as diverse as the oceans and stellar atmospheres. Under the assumption of classical Fickian diffusion for both heat and salt, the evolution of temperature and salinity is governed by parabolic advection–diffusion equations. In reality, there are small additional terms in these equations that render them hyperbolic (the Maxwell–Cattaneo (M–C) effect). Although these corrections are nominally small, they represent a singular perturbation, and hence can lead to significant effects when the underlying differences of salinity and temperature are large. In an earlier paper (Hughes, Proctor & Eltayeb, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 927, 2021, p. A13), we investigated the linear stability of a double-diffusive fluid layer subject to the M–C effect in either the temperature or the salinity equation (but not both). Here we consider the general, and much more complicated, case in which the M–C effect influences both temperature and salinity. We find that, as in the earlier paper, oscillatory instability is indeed facilitated (and in fact made possible when the salinity gradient is destabilising, where the classical problem has no oscillatory instability) when the salinity gradients are sufficiently large. The scalings that emerge from the earlier paper, however, are not necessarily representative of those in the general case, thus justifying the present study. In addition, we have found a remarkable singular situation when the ratio of the M–C effects is equal to the ratio between the heat and salinity diffusivities, near which the critical wavenumber is sharply reduced. In addition to determining the stability boundaries we have also investigated the growth rates of unstable modes and shown that these are on a par with those of classical double-diffusive convection.

The skeletal remains of almost 25 700 people excavated in the UK between 1869 and 2008 are unaccounted for. Although their existence is recorded in a human-remains database, their current location is unknown. Here, the authors explore the research, legal and ethical implications of this missing heritage, arguing that difficulties in accessing human remains from smaller sites or under-represented regions stifle research into past lives and contribute to the overuse and potential damage of well-known skeletal collections. To combat this, and to safeguard legacy and future collections, the authors (re)advocate the imperative for a centralised database of human remains.

The forward leaning inclination angle, $\gamma$, of coherent turbulent structures is a well-known feature of wall-bounded turbulent flows. Although invariant across friction Reynolds numbers within the range $\textit{Re}_\tau =10^3{-}10^6$, $\gamma$ can vary significantly across turbulent scales within a high-Reynolds-number flow. Very-large-scale motions (VLSMs) are known to induce significant changes in the instantaneous shear profile, which is a conditioning event that could trigger variability in the inclination angle of smaller coherent turbulent structures. Although this aspect has been extensively studied via numerical and laboratory experiments, few studies have explored this feature for a very-high-Reynolds-number atmospheric flow. In this work, the inclination angle of turbulent structures within the atmospheric surface layer at a very high Reynolds number ($\textit{Re}_\tau =7.9\times 10^5$) is investigated by deploying a scanning Doppler light detection and ranging and a super large particle image velocimetry (SLPIV) apparatus. The inclination angle of wall-attached eddies is inferred either from the two-point correlation of streamwise velocity ($\gamma =41.1^\circ$) or with a scale-dependent approach through the spectral linear stochastic estimator (SLSE). The SLSE (and, thus, the scale-dependent inclination angle) is conditionally evaluated based on the high- and low-momentum events induced by VLSMs, both in the streamwise ($u'_{\textit{VLSM}}$) and in the vertical ($w'_{\textit{VLSM}}$) velocity components. As a result, lower inclination angles ($\gamma =30^\circ {-}50^\circ$) are found for $u'_{\textit{VLSM}}\gt 0$ ($w'_{\textit{VLSM}}\lt 0$), while higher values ($50^\circ {-}85^\circ$) are ascribed to $u'_{\textit{VLSM}}\lt 0$ ($w'_{\textit{VLSM}}\gt 0$). This result emphasises the primary role that VLSMs play in shaping the wall-attached eddy geometry, which, in turn, is crucial to determine the Reynolds stress balance within the wall-attached eddy range.

Systematic deflection of microparticles off of initial streamlines is a fundamental task in microfluidics, aiming at applications including sorting, accumulation or capture of the transported particles. In a large class of set-ups, including deterministic lateral displacement and porous media filtering, particles in non-inertial (Stokes) flows are deflected by an array of obstacles. We show that net deflection of force-free particles passing an obstacle in Stokes flow is possible solely by hydrodynamic interactions if the flow and obstacle geometry break fore–aft symmetries. The net deflection is maximal for certain initial conditions and we analytically describe its scaling with particle size, obstacle shape and flow geometry, confirmed by direct trajectory simulations. For realistic parameters, separation by particle size is comparable to what is found assuming contact (roughness) interactions. Our approach also makes systematic predictions on when short-range attractive forces lead to particle capture or sticking. In separating hydrodynamic effects on particle motion strictly from contact interactions, we provide novel, rigorous guidelines for elementary microfluidic particle manipulation and filtering.

Conservation of the Pemba flying fox Pteropus voeltzkowi, endemic to Pemba, Zanzibar, has been a success story. Low numbers last century prompted a local conservation response that likely resulted in a 400% increase in the population. But, with project funding having been gradually reduced over 15 years, it is unclear whether the population has maintained its recovery. Here we report findings from a new survey, in 2024, showing that the population size is that of the recovered population in 2008. However, many P. voeltzkowi have moved to urban centres, probably to avoid disturbance, primarily hunting by children. Only half the people interviewed remembered the earlier conservation campaign, but nearly all would support an environmental education campaign aimed at children in schools.

Ecological awareness is a global priority, and Green School initiatives seek to embed environmental education in everyday school practice. This study examines how the “Green School” is discursively constructed by interpreting visual materials from Indonesian schools designated as Adiwiyata (Green) Schools. Guided by social semiotic theory, we conducted a phenomenological interpretative analysis. The analytical framework follows three metafunctions: Ideational, interpersonal, and textual. We analysed images, icons, and posters associated with two recurring activity domains: (1) greening the school environment and (2) promoting environmentally friendly behaviour. The findings indicate that Adiwiyata discourse foregrounds ecological awareness, normalises pro-environmental practices, and positions students and teachers as key agents of environmental preservation.