This chapter examines the Aliseda Hoard discovered in southwest Spain in 1920, where it has long and widely been valued as an icon of Orientalizing goldsmithing. The original context is undocumented, and the jewelry has variously been associated with an aristocratic female burial, a hoard or a sanctuary. Renewed research allows us to reinterpret the hoard as the ‘keimelion’ of the house or aristocratic lineage of Aliseda, where it was buried in a ritual area. This was a place for celebrating spring between the seventh/sixth and fifth centuries BCE and represents the sense of locality developed on the northern periphery of Tartessos.

This chapter analyzes Lane’s clever use of combinations of geographical, temporal and formal markers in his titles, alternative titles and subtitles to indicate to borrowers and buyers what kind of story a volume contained and explains how this book’s chapters follow and explore the taxonomy he designed. The second section describes the construction of Lane’s principal genres and the sophisticated methods of imitative writing used to compose them. These overlaid romance with realism and made repetition-with-difference a primary mode of communication to engender the Press’s characteristically innovative, modular and debating texts. The chapter concludes by using Clara Reeve’s arguments in The Progress of Romance (1785) to contrast the Aesthetics of Originality which we have inherited from the Romantics with the Aesthetics of Reuse which had been used since the Renaissance to notice and evaluate the “beauties” of imitative writing, and which ordinary readers still use today.

This chapter of Persistent Citizens investigates the role of partisanship as an alternative or complementary explanation for variation in state-centric persistence and the "2ei" attitudes (i.e., entitlement, indignation, and self-efficacy). The authors analyze whether support for major political movements in each country – the Workers’ Party in Brazil and the Peronist movement in Argentina – affects citizens’ attitudes and behaviors toward the state. The findings reveal a significant contrast between the two cases. In Brazil, partisan identity has little to no explanatory power. In Argentina, in contrast, Peronist supporters show systematically different attitudes and a greater willingness to persist than non-supporters. Analysis of additional survey questions suggests that differences in attitudes among Peronist supporters are not the result of greater reliance on clientelism but instead reflect greater optimism about the state’s capacity to provide services. Despite this partisan effect in Argentina, the chapter concludes that the book’s core findings regarding the importance of 2ei remain robust in both countries.

The final chapter of Persistent Citizens summarizes the book’s key contributions. It reaffirms the importance of state-centric persistence as a concept and the value of an attitudinal explanation for variation in citizens’ willingness to persist when seeking access to social programs. The authors discuss the scope conditions of their argument, noting that it is most relevant in "intermediate states" where access to promised benefits is possible but not guaranteed. The chapter concludes by exploring the distributive and normative implications of the findings. It suggests that the need for persistence may have a mixed impact on inequality. The chapter also considers how technological advances and policy changes might affect citizen–state interactions and outlines several areas for future research, including applying the "2ei" framework to domains beyond social welfare.

Between the eighth and sixth centuries BCE, the Indigenous Elymian settlement of Monte Polizzo underwent a period of notable socio-economic development in the wake of Greek and Phoenician colonization. Archaeological evidence from multiple excavated domestic structures, including a substantial assemblage of weaving implements, underscores the central role of weaving within the community. Textile production was deeply embedded in daily life, functioning not only as a key contributor to the economy but also as a conservative force in articulating and reinforcing local identity and local agency in response to an ever-changing world.

Life was conceived by the Romantics as the underlying force of nature, and they sought to identify its norms and rules of transformation. For them, life oscillates between contraction and relaxion, between potentiality and actuality. Life establishes and renews the norms they set. However, these sequences do not only lead to the form of living beings. Life is immanent and its creations flourish in every sphere. As we will see in this chapter, this idea of ‘life’ prompted the Romantics to focus on rhythm and habit, as the way in which life gives itself a dynamic order. Habit is the key for the Romantic reformulation of the political lexicon: it enhances sociability; individualities are not isolated beings but rather carry in themselves the inexhaustible transformative forces of life that deploy in and outside the individual. The individual is therefore always influenced by the context. For this reason, her freedom is not formulated as autonomy but rather as creativity or wisdom. This interpretation of ‘freedom’ bridges the gap between humans and nature and demonstrates that, in order to rethink our relationship with nature, we have to reformulate our political concepts.