This chapter provides a bird’s eye view of the landscape of laws that can deliver the CIRCle Framework functions of conceptualization, information, regulatory intervention, and coordination to address cumulative environmental problems. Its scope is broad, covering traditional and customary laws; environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment; natural resources, land use planning, conservation, pollution, and other environment-related laws; and broader areas of public law, including constitutional environmental rights. It also discusses the way international treaties and development bank policies deal with cumulative impacts. The chapter provides a simple compass for navigating this landscape: considering whether the dominant focus of the law is a matter of concern that is threatened by cumulative impacts (e.g., environmental justice, national parks), impacts (e.g., environmental impact assessment, water pollution), or activities (e.g., road construction, mining), or whether it instead indirectly influences a cumulative environmental problem (e.g., laws for intergovernmental coordination).

This chapter lays the intellectual groundwork for understanding relations between and within groups, exploring key psychological theories in intergroup relations and group processes. We discuss psychological theories and concepts such as evolution, relative deprivation, Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT) and Social Identity Theory (SIT), and contextualise the importance of intergroup relations by addressing their darker elements (e.g. prejudice, discrimination and conflict) and their potential for fostering peace and cooperation. The chapter then outlines key concepts in the study of group processes, discussing how groups act collectively and how norms are formed. It explores the role of social identity in individuals’ alignment with group norms and how leadership works from both individual and group-based perspectives. While individuals make decisions, groups act too, and group dynamics constrain or empower individuals’ agency. The chapter concludes by preparing readers to understand how new information, norms and leader-follower relations collectively drive system change, setting the stage for the following chapters.

Strategic ethnography is an approach to organizational learning where a firm utilizes its internal human resources as insider-ethnographers to reflect upon their own operations and organizational culture. This kind of ethnography is distinct from intracultural and transcultural ethnography where the researcher is an organizational outsider. Here the ethnographic exercise is performed proactively by organizational insiders and designed to feed into the firm’s strategic mission to facilitate global integration, innovation, growth, and renewal.

Chapter 8 urges us to focus less on the spatial distributions and concentrations of people of different races in cities and more on the effects of concentrated members of racial minorities living in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty. From a “neighborhoods effects” analysis, some of the worst land-use injustice is the inequality of opportunity that comes from African Americans and Latines growing up in and living in high-poverty neighborhoods with poor housing, high crime, and low-quality schools. Public policy is failing because neither our research nor our policy solutions center on the relationships between race and poverty, instead often using race-only measures of segregation, or on the characteristics of neighborhoods that cause them to succeed or fail in ensuring equal opportunities for their residents, including neighborhood-specific crime data and comprehensive understandings of the residents’ everyday lives. The chapter calls for multi-faceted policies that address a range of interconnected factors, including the rising cost of housing, barriers to housing mobility, and the conditions of high-poverty neighborhoods affecting life opportunities for their residents.

Following their indentureship, Africans continued to exercise economic and cultural autonomy by migrating to Trinidad for higher wages - establishing relationships with the larger Yoruba community there and impacting the local development of African work. Liberated Africans in Grenada also practised African- derived traditions and organised themselves in ethnically defined communities. Chapter 6 maintains that rather than assimilating into the African Grenadian population and losing their separate histories and identities, liberated Africans remained a distinctive category from the descendants of formerly enslaved Africans, in part because of their post-indenture experiences. In their resolve to resist labouring on plantations, recaptured Africans formed independent communities, pursued independent economic activities, migrated to Trinidad for higher wages, and recreated and practised African cultures. Their strategic decisions, along with sugar's decline after 1834, ultimately led to the failure of the African immigration scheme and laid the conditions for the establishment of African work.

Australia’s World Heritage-listed Great Barrier Reef experiences cumulative impacts from diverse activities, including regional catchment-sourced water pollution and the impacts of climate change. Regulating these threats engages a wide range of laws for intervention, which have been influenced by a regulatory mechanism for information – a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) undertaken a decade ago at the request of UNESCO. This chapter explores how the strategic assessment and associated interventions influence impacts from two major activities that contribute to water pollution and climate change – cattle grazing and coal mining. It shows that regulatory SEA can provide for entrenching and integrating ongoing information collection, analysis, and sharing. Moreover, SEA can directly influence diverse regulatory interventions to address cumulative impacts. It can link the functions of information and intervention, two of the regulatory functions advanced by this book’s CIRCle Framework. At the same time, opportunities remain to build stronger links between interventions for water quality and climate adaptation, and between climate change mitigation interventions and the Reef context.

As the prefix “intra” suggests, intracultural ethnography focuses on the cultural dynamics within a given organization. In the case of international business, the cultural arena under study is that of an international organization in one location and the research questions that arise from this kind of study are generally framed at the organizational level of analysis and are focused around making sense of the diverse beliefs, norms, values, and customs that the prople making up these culturally complex organizations use in their day-to-day work. Although culture is a group-level phenomenon, it is enacted by individuals. As such, the cultural identity of the individuals is introduced in this section as the key construct to understand for doing intracultural ethnographic research.

Monopolar electrocautery was first used for female sterilization. However, tragic problems like thermal injury to the bowel quickly raised concern surrounding the use of monopolar energy. Bipolar electrosurgical techniques without transection or resection of the fallopian tube have the longest history in the US among all methods of female sterilization.

The findings of this book offer suggestions for future research as well as new directions for advocacy. The concluding chapter of the book presents a research agenda for understanding the strategic adaptation of international norms. The chapter also suggests policy prescriptions for those committed to advancing the accountability of states and holding government perpetrators of violence accountable for their actions.