During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Britain, the middle classes, empowered by commercial wealth, struggled for increased social and political power, by appropriating the authority of cultural expression to re-represent the British nation. This chapter introduces the impact of Robert Bowyer's project on the evolution of history painting through his re-representation of English history. This project is in such a way that has defined new counter-publics by constructing alternative identities for a moral British society through feminized historical images. Bowyer provided viewers of his exhibition with a passage from Hume's text to describe the narrative content of his pictures. Among the Historic Gallery's pictures, representations of domesticity and virtuous heroines, depicting the embodiment of feminine sentiment, were given a central role in the aesthetic production of moral sympathy. Bowyer's use of the feminine pronoun to describe his imagined viewer betrays a gendered definition of Historic Gallery's audience.

This chapter focuses on how the diminishing status of the working class is reflected in East German punk. There is a strong element of opposition within youth culture, especially in punk. Subcultural creativity thereby makes symbolic resistance possible through practice, objects and music. The flexibility of punk's framework enables it to constantly change and transform, which means its authenticity is periodically reframed and negotiated by members of the subculture. By placing youth culture in its broader socio-economic context, the relationship between social processes and subcultural change cannot be denied. Punk culture in East Germany has a long history of resistance and a clear anti-state position. Punks in East Germany openly display their alienation from the mainstream society and its values. East German punks demonstrate the ways by which youth can express solidarity within their social peer group(s), while also conveying the social and economic contradictions amidst which they live.

During the political debates connected with consideration of the 1900 Land Alienation Bill, Viceroy Curzon, and the Punjab governor of the time, Sir Charles Rivaz, defended the government decision. Indeed land revenue matters relating to Punjab were often treated as 'Simla affairs', as they were usually considered at summer and autumn sessions of the Viceroy's Council. The year of the 1887 act saw the start of construction of the Chenab canal headworks which was a major Productive work. The Chenab canal supplied water to colonies which were to extend to 2,859 square miles by 1906. Works on other canal colonies were underway towards the end of that century, particularly the Jhelum irrigation canal, a project on much the same model as the Chenab. Famine was racking large parts of India but Punjab, through good management, managed to avoid the worst effects.

By the early years of the twentieth century, Suva was not simply the European capital, but also a growing multiracial and multicultural metropole in the western Pacific. Suva's 'mobile men' were situated differently within a racialised hierarchy constructed in the context of colonial labour relations. By 1913 Suva was only able to accommodate one steamer at a time and the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand (USSCo.) contemplated landing cargo in the street. The various European USSCo. branch staff and other white residents offered only one series of perspectives on the nature of business and social relationships in the colonial port. The concerns about the regulation of labour, race and space were evidenced in other colonial ports. The savages on the shoreline have become peaceable, non-threatening wharf labourers through the transformative reach of imperial transport, communication and trading networks.

The conclusion assesses the implications of the preceding chapters for the four historiographical issues raised in the introduction. It concludes by suggesting that there were distinct ways in which the British metropole shaped the attitudes and actions of colonial officials, but that these were frequently not ways in which educational and governmental elites wished for. It suggests that the defining feature of colonial officials’ mentalities was their search for autonomy, and that their responses to imperial governance and development were shaped in large part by this search.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book explains how imperial challenges, technological changes and domestic pressures transformed the navy and naval service from the wake of the Crimean War to the First World War. It considers how female-run naval philanthropic organisations domesticated the reputation of naval men by refashioning the imagery of the drunken debauched sailor through temperance and evangelical campaigns. The book argues that late-Victorian portrayals of naval manhood were preoccupied with class distinctions that both elided realities of class tensions and affirmed the patrilineal nature of manhood, in which birthright assured one's masculine stature. It also considers through a case study whether the experience of the First World War, which transformed so much in British society, resulted in noticeable changes in the representations of naval manhood.

Few if any German prelates of the twelfth century had as extraordinary a career as Bishop Otto I of Bamberg. His influence stretched from the shores of the Baltic to the papal see in Rome. As bishop of one of the most important dioceses in the German kingdom, he founded and endowed numerous monastic communities while also pursuing territorial strategies that strengthened significantly his bishopric's control of the region in and around Bamberg. The life of Bishop Otto of Bamberg by a monk of Prüfening survives in three manuscripts from the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. All three of these codices include portions of the Magnum Legendarium Austriacum (MLA), an extensive collection of saints' lives compiled and copied at several Austrian monasteries around the year 1200.

The white women who inhabited the slave societies of North Carolina and Barbados were willing and unwilling participants in the extraordinary and peculiar institution that was slavery. Though most of North Carolina's white women enjoyed access to slave labour, the majority were neither slave-owners nor wealthy, and their daily labour was, in many instances, critical to the survival of their families. Albeit constrained by various ideological, legal and social practices, white women were significant social and economic actors in both North Carolina and Barbados. Whiteness in Barbados and North Carolina emerged as a product of specific processes of racialisation and of exclusionary practices, for instance, in terms of property relations. At various times Barbadian authorities also attempted to restrict and limit the property rights of free coloureds.

An Irish accent remained a consistent identifier of Irishness in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The reproduction of accent continued to be a key component in New Zealand cinema for representing Irish migrants. Dymphna Lonergan points to connections between the Irish language and politics. Unlike depictions of Irish migrants in New Zealand cinema, however, a Scottish accent was not in early years emphasised for humorous reasons, and subtitles do not reflect the Scottish way of speaking English. By contrast with evidence about the Irish and Ulster Scots languages, more references appeared in sources utilised in the study of Scottish Gaelic being spoken in New Zealand. While Gaelic has attracted some attention by historians in studies of the Scots abroad, the Scots language has attracted little investigation. The Scots language also appeared in poetry in the ethnic press throughout the twentieth century.

The construction of Ospedale Maggiore was the culmination of reform efforts. In 1399, Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti pursued the aim of reform by unifying and consolidating hospitals under civic authority, and based his plans on the process of unification already underway in Siena. The Black Death of 1348-1355 placed unprecedented pressure on all institutions but most specifically on hospitals, which were ill equipped to handle such a massive crisis. While the plague crisis and perception of increased poverty predicated an immediate communal response, reform efforts which included unification and centralization of hospitals were also implemented in reaction to mismanagement and jurisdictional disputes. Larger more centralized communal organizations replaced the smaller traditional confraternities and consortia that had been crucial players in the earlier era of foundation and administration of hospitals.