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The authors provide an initial report on possibly the southernmost expansion of humans in pre-industrial times. The archaeological site, in the Cape Horn archipelago, consists of a campfire site, fragments of a weapon, and butchered bones. Radiocarbon dating places the site c. 260–460 years BP.
A single pit containing a mixed assemblage of charred plant remains, including broomcorn millet, was discovered during excavation of a Middle–Late Bronze Age settlement at Old Catton, Norfolk. Radiocarbon dating of this assemblage dates it to the Late Bronze Age—including a date of 910–800 cal BC for the millet itself—making this the earliest securely dated use of broomcorn millet in Britain.
The objective of Ancient Oaxaca is to understand and account for the sudden appearance of a new city on a mountain, Monte Albán, about 500 BC, and the consequences of that event, which in the following few centuries would transform almost every aspect of cultural life. These developments in the Valley of Oaxaca region were part of and contributed to the creation of the sociocultural formations that characterized the world system or civilization of Mesoamerica.
This article presents measurements of the radiocarbon (14C) concentration in sub-annual tree rings. Samples of earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) from dendrochronologically dated tree rings (English oak, Quercus robur) from Kujawy, near Kraków (Poland), spanning the years of 990–997 CE, are extracted and their 14C content is measured at the Center for Applied Isotope Studies at the University of Georgia, USA. The EW and LW data show a gradual increase in the Δ14C values between 991–995 CE, which are similar to those observed by Rakowski et al. (2018). An increase of 10.3 ± 2.6‰ in Δ14C for the EW data, and 8.6 ± 2.6‰ for the LW data has been recorded for this period. Using this data, it is possible to estimate the time period for when a major historical event occurred, which seems to have been in the late summer (September –2/+1 month) of 993 CE.
The Neolithic Revolution saw the invention of diverse political, economic, religious, and other social institutions in highland Oaxaca and across Early Formative Mesoamerica, including: varying forms and degrees of social differentiation in prestige, personhood, and social ranking; aggregation sites and large villages; dual organization, cosmology, and ritual practice; writing systems; and institutions for long-distance trade.
Monte Albán conforms to broader cross-cultural expectations, one pattern being the disembedded capital city; other expectations are measurable degrees of collective action in planned urban nucleation, modest social segregation by spatial separation, and city plan facilitating communication and large gatherings.
These analyses indicate that causality did not have a preferred scale of operation, so a multiscalar method is required; likewise, in both nonstate and state societies an expanded institutional approach reveals greater complexity than in theories that assume ruler or elite dominance. The case illustrates a coactive causal process in which collective action policies by the state resulted in population growth, urbanization, production intensity, market participation, and material standard of living across social sectors, which in turn fed back to the state-building process.