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This chapter reviews anthropological genetic inquiries into the population dynamics in the Caucasus. Genetic and genomic methods are introduced along with the problems of identifying specific regions of origins for genetic populations. Also discussed are the general genetic characteristics of the Caucasus and neigboring areas of the Near East and steppe; gene-language-geography studies; genetic affinities between Maikop kurgan burials and contemporary South Caucasus peoples; the phylogeography of maternal and paternal lineages in the Caucasus and western Asia; revelations about Caucasus prehistory derived from ancient genomics; the putative connection between the spread of farming, Indo-European languages, and Y-chromosome lineages; the timing of the split between Caucasus and European hunter-gatherer groups; and questions as to the role of Caucasus hunter-gatherers in the peopling of continental Europe.
This chapter discusses the Epipaleolithic–Neolithic transition in the North Caucasus; charts the appearance of Neolithic sites and geographic-cultural divisions during the Middle Neolithic of the Caucasus; and evaluates the Shulaveri-Shomu Culture and Sioni Culture.
Se presenta evidencia arqueofaunística para estudiar indicadores de intensificación y discutir los cambios en el aprovechamiento alimenticio de camélidos de la Puna de Salta, noroeste de Argentina. El registro proviene del sitio Alero Cuevas, ubicado en la cuenca de Pastos Grandes, 4.400 m snm. Este sitio presenta una secuencia larga de ocupación que permite abordar el uso de los recursos animales entre aproximadamente 10.000 y 4000 años aP. Los resultados indican estrategias de aprovechamiento alimenticio que tienden a la intensificación de la explotación de los camélidos hacia los 4000 años aP. En este sentido, la información arqueofaunística presentada es útil para integrarla a la discusión planteada sobre los procesos de intensificación de uso de camélidos propuestos para la puna argentina.
Este trabajo aborda el estudio de la localidad arqueológica Cerro de los Gatos (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina), emplazada en un sector formado luego de la transgresión marina del Holoceno medio. Se exploran las transformaciones naturales y culturales del paisaje a nivel local y regional. Los aspectos presentados y evaluados aquí incluyen (1) tafonomía y evolución geomorfológica de loci diferentes, (2) disponibilidad de recursos y ecología isotópica, (3) tecnología lítica y ósea, (4) registro bioarqueológico humano y faunístico, y (5) cronología y reconstrucción paleoambiental del paisaje costero. Nuestra investigación sugiere que el registro de las ocupaciones humanas y el devenir de los paisajes naturales y culturales de la Bahía San Sebastián son el resultado combinado de la segregación espacial de las actividades (de subsistencia, tecnológicas, rituales) y sus trayectorias tafonómicas durante el Holoceno tardío.
En este trabajo presentamos la primera evidencia de cultivo de Triticeae (trigo y/o cebada) en una parcela arqueológica del sitio Pueblo Guayascate 1, emplazado en la actual provincia de Córdoba, centro de Argentina. La presencia de especies euroasiáticas tras la instauración del orden colonial ibérico en el actual territorio argentino ha sido referenciada por la documentación escrita de los siglos dieciséis y diecisiete y corroborada por los análisis de restos arqueológicos macro y microbotánicos. Guayascate fue parte de una encomienda —y luego de una merced de tierras— que le fue otorgada a los españoles a finales del siglo dieciséis. Esto implicó no sólo la presencia de mano de obra de los antiguos habitantes del lugar, sino también la ocupación de sus tierras, lo cual es signo de contacto y co-existencia entre españoles y nativos. Los análisis de microrrestos botánicos silicios al sedimento de una parcela en momentos de contacto y ocupación, evidencian el cultivo de trigo y/o cebada en asociación con maíz. Este hallazgo nos permite arriesgar algunas conjeturas sobre la producción y el consumo de alimentos de estos grupos, como también avanzar en el conocimiento sobre los cambios y continuidades en la cultura alimenticia acaecidos tras la instauración del sistema colonial.
This chapter introduces the Caucasus as a geographic entity and its placement relative to the Greater and the Lesser Caucasus mountain ranges. It discusses the impact of the region’s terrain on human settlement and community isolation; the tectonic-geophysical formation of the Caucasus Mountains; the diverse physical environments of the Caucasus region; the region as a frontier zone and biogeographic barrier; early hominoid presence in the Caucasus; the history of glaciation and the possibility for population refugia throughout the Last Glacial Maximum, and the Manych-Kerch Spillway.
This chapter discusses the first anatomically modern humans in the Caucasus (~40,000 YBP); Early Upper Paleolithic sites; the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition; local Aurignacian industries; population dynamics during the Last Glacial Maximum; the Epipaleolithic of the Caucasus; early food production at Chokh; Upper Paleolithic to Neolithic cultural continuity; and the transition to food production.
This chapter outlines the geography and taxonomy of language use in the Caucasus region, highlighting notions such as the incompatibility of linguistic and genetic data. It discusses the regional specificity of Caucasus languages and the concept of Sprachbund, and the possibility of a source for Caucasian languages outside the region. It further examines putative connections between Kartvelian and Anatolia and Armenian with the steppe, and reviews the impact on Turkic- and Indo-European-speakers on populations of the Caucasus.
This chapter covers the shift in metal procurement sites from the Carpatho-Balkans to the Caucasus during the Eneolithic of Europe, and the apparent demographic changes that resulted; the relationship to the Kura-Araxes phenomenon and the Khirbet-Kerak wares of Palestine; examines influences from the Near East and Anatolia on sites such as Leilatepe (Azerbaijan), Tekhuta (Armenia), Berikldeebi (Georgia), and Trialeti (Georgia); and describes the advent of steppe influences in the form of kurgan and wagon cultures.
This chapter reviews the faunal and paleobotanical characteristics of the Pleistocene Caucasus and their appeal to Miocene apes; the significance of H. erectus georgicus for models of hominin dispersal out of Africa; possible routes for hominin movements across the Caucasus mountains; the Lower Paleolithic sites of Kurtan and Nor Geghi I; Acheulean tool assemblages; geographic-cultural divisions during the Middle Paleolithic of the Caucasus; and local Mousterian industries.
Radiocarbon dates can offer important corollaries for historic events and processes, including territorial expansion and consolidation in early empires. Eighteen new radiocarbon dates from test excavations at Ak'awillay, near the Inca imperial capital of Cuzco, reveal new perspectives on interactions between the Incas and Xaquixaguana Valley groups. Rather than persisting as a regional centre, Ak'awillay declined well before early Inca expansion, remaining largely unoccupied until after an extensive empire had been established. This new chronology adds nuance to the growing understanding of local group interactions and how they contributed to Inca state development and imperial expansion.
At the beginning of the fourth millennium bc, the Typical Comb Ware culture (TCW) emerged in north-eastern Europe. One of its characteristics is a wealth of ‘amber’ or ‘ochre’ graves and mortuary practices. This article concerns the graves’ key elements, their distribution and frequency, and their relationship to the TCW phenomenon. The analysis of seventy-seven graves from twenty-three sites suggests that TCW graves are a materialization of a complex set of practices in which visual aspects (colours, contrasts, and combinations of materials) and performance play significant roles. Given the small number and distribution of graves, these practices were reserved for particular people and/or occasions, and the tradition only lasted for a few centuries. Interpreted from the perspective of identity production and sociocultural networks, these graves and associated practices are defined as ‘symbolically overloaded’, with buried bodies and activities intended to be seen.
Located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, the Caucasus region has played a critical role in the dissemination of languages, ideas, and cultures since prehistoric times. In this study, Aram Yardumian and Theodore Schurr explore the dispersal of human groups in the Caucasus beginning in the Palaeolithic period. Using evidence from archaeology, linguistics, and anthropological genetics, they trace changes in settlement patterns, cultural practices, and genetic variation. Highlighting the region's ecological diversity, natural resources, and agricultural productivity, Yardumian and Schurr reconstruct the timings and likely migration routes for human settlement following the Last Glacial Maximum, as well as the possible connections to regional economies for these expansions. Based on analysis of archaeological site reports, linguistic relationships, and genetic data previously published separately and in different languages, their synthesis of the most up to date evidence opens new vistas into the chronology and human dynamics of the Caucasus' prehistory.
Radiocarbon (14C) dating of soil samples by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has been proven useful for studying carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, this application has two primary difficulties in sample preparation: inhibition of graphite formation due to sulfur (S)-containing impurities and contamination of samples with modern C (MC). Herein, we evaluated these effects using three sample preparation methods (silver foil, silver wire, and Sulfix) by conducting AMS-14C measurements of a 14C-dead charred wood and S-rich soil samples. The preparation methods were all successful in graphite formation and AMS-14C measurement for soil samples with an organic S content <6.9 wt%. The methods showed different percent modern carbon (pMC) values from 0.16% to 0.64% for the 14C-dead sample. The results also revealed that across different methods, MC contamination can be significantly reduced by applying two-step procedure (combustion and subsequent reaction to remove S-containing impurities) during sample preparation. The three methods had a negligible influence on determining the 14C age for samples that were at least younger than 12,000 yr BP. As the 14C ages of the soil samples are typically younger than 12,000 yr BP, any method explored in this study can be employed for 14C dating with sufficient accuracy for application to C cycle studies.