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In learning a foreign language, it is essential to familiarise oneself with the sound properties of the language such as the inventory of sounds and phonological processes. Native speakers will acquire these naturally, but learners of the second language must learn them formally. This book aims to provide an introduction to the phonetics and phonology of Korean for those who study the Korean language and/or linguistics. More specifically, the target audience of this book consists both of academics in Korean Linguistics (or in Korean Studies or in linguistics) and of learners of Korean. Among the learners of Korean, this book is targeted particularly at learners of Korean who are familiar with English. Hence, comparison with English is also provided whenever necessary.
This book is rare in terms of being well balanced for these two audience groups. We believe that it will become the first comprehensive book to provide a complete and authoritative description and explanation of the current state of Korean phonetics and phonology.
When I was a child at the height of the Cold War, the press painted China in vivid primary colors—red menace, yellow peril, blue-clad masses. China was a back-burner story, however, compared to the Soviet threat, and my education through high school never touched upon it. A shift in public attention began with the 1971 China visit of the U.S. ping-pong team and Nixon's state visit in February 1972. Suddenly the mainstream U.S. press discovered beggar-free streets, healthy children, acupuncture anesthesia, and national optimism.
This paper argues that the new forms of communication have had a major impact on gender and sexual ideologies and practices across East Asia. In particular, it focuses on the impact that the new media had on Chinese masculinities in the post-Mao years, a period that coincided with the “Asian economic miracle” and the rise of China. This was also the time when women's studies became well established in the West and men's studies was becoming increasingly prominent in the academic arena. But throughout this time, research into Asian men has been very limited, although Asian women have been voluminously described, analyzed, and publicized. Men's studies scholars such as R. W. Connell were well aware that a large proportion of the world's men did not receive any attention in gender studies and that this neglect was a serious problem in the field. In the first article in the inaugural issue of Men and Masculinities, he called for a more global understanding of the world gender order (Connell 1998).
In the previous chapter we discussed the general aspects of sound production, and learned that there are three steps in the production of sound: (i) initiation, (ii) phonation and (iii) articulation. Whereas the purpose of the last chapter was to help readers familiarise themselves with the physical basis of sound production, this chapter will focus on the abstract reality of sounds, and will introduce the background to phonology. Once speech sounds are produced by a speaker, they are transferred to a listener as a sequence of acoustic signals. These acoustic signals will then be understood by the listener according to his/her knowledge of the relevant language. Even if the listener has perfect hearing, without knowledge of the language being spoken, he/she will find it difficult to segment sounds or to distinguish between different sounds. Hence, in acquiring the sound system of our mother tongue we learn not only an inventory of sounds, but also how to determine which sound distinctions are significant and which not. Understanding the phonological basis of a sound system is also crucial for second language speakers. Together with Chapter 2, this chapter will provide a useful background for understanding the sounds of Korean.