Explores the effects of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, amnesia, ADHD, brain injury, schizophrenia, and stress.

Covers interpersonal interaction, attribution, arousal, social contagion, and retrieval-induced forgetting.

Explores a variety of mental models that depict conversational remembering.

Often regarded as comprehensive, impartial and authoritative works, monolingual dictionaries of the standard variety of English have never been neutral repositories of vocabulary. Instead, they have acted as vehicles for ideologies of one sort or another, transmitting societal values as well as linguistic information. All dictionary-makers make decisions on whose and which words to include and to exclude; equally all gather and process these words in ways that influence their presentation to the dictionary-user, employing editorial methods and technological means that have varied from one period to another. This chapter focuses on Johnson’s Dictionary and successive versions of the Oxford English Dictionary in an historically organised account of dictionaries to the present day, noting the under-representation in these two works of women as language-producers. It also discusses editions of the Webster dictionaries, of twentieth-century desk dictionaries before and after the introduction of corpus-based lexicography, and online dictionaries.

Reviews the effects of gestures, prosody, gaze, and interpersonal space on conversation memory.

The notion of original pronunciation (OP) has arisen because of interest from people who are not themselves phonologists, but who want to know how an earlier period of English sounded to add a fresh dimension to spoken or sung performance. After a discussion of the evidence available at different periods, the paper focuses on Early Modern English, reviewing five constituencies: early music, Bible translations and liturgy, heritage projects, non-dramatic poetry and (especially Shakespearean) theatre. The ways OP has been used by practitioners are described with particular reference to rhyme, wordplay, phonaesthetics and characterisation. A brief review of the history of the OP movement is followed by an illustration of the challenges of working with OP, using a case study of the options surrounding the phonetic character of /r/. Two recent projects, on Keats and Richard III, are summarised. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the extent to which OP projects can achieve authenticity.

The standardisation of English spelling is a complex process which started in late Middle English and extended throughout the early modern period. This chapter focuses on the initial stages in the fifteenth century. After an overview of the linguistic and socio-historical contexts, the models and approaches prevailing from the mid twentieth century are examined. Special attention is given to the adoption of key sociolinguistic conceps in recent research projects ―focusing, levelling, koineisation and supralocalisation― and to the application of the historical sociolinguistic methodology as a clear way forward in the analysis and interpretation of this issue.

The English language is generally discussed publicly with reference to an ideologically constructed correct form. Such discourses first emerged in the eighteenth century forming part of a long process of language standardisation, a process associated with major political imperatives. Standard language ideologies, articulated and maintained by powerful social groups, vary in different nations. Distinctive British and American ideologies are associated with critical points in national histories, and have the effect of disadvantaging specific social groups by disparaging their language varieties. Rather than being dismissed as examples of ill-informed misunderstanding of the nature of language promoted by powerful speakers for their own purposes, such ideologies can be considered more broadly as part of a larger set of perspectives on language articulated by language users, intimately connected not only with vested social and political interests but with explaining connections between language and the social world or describing its structure systematically.

Explores the effects Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, amnesia, ADHD, brain injury, schizophrenia, and stress.