We shall call a finite semigroup S arithmetical if there exists a positive integer N and a monomorphism μ of S into the multiplicative semigroup RN of the ring of residue classes of the integers modulo N. In 1965 P. C. Baayen and D. Kruyswijk [1] posed the problem' Is every finite commutative semigroup arithmetical? ' The purpose of this paper is to answer this question.

In this paper we use the Leray–Schauder continuation method to study the existence of solutions for semilinear differential equations Lu + g(x, u) = h, in which the linear operator L on L2(Ω) may be non-self-adjoint, the L2(Ω)-function h belongs to N⊥(L), the nonlinear term g(x, u) ∈ O(|u|α) as |u| → ∞ for some 0 ≤ α < 1 and satisfies

for all v ∈ N(L) – {0}, where and

By a partial endomorphism of a group G we mean a homomorphic mapping μ of a subgroup A of G onto a subgroup B of G. If μ is denned on the whole of G then it is called a total endomorphism. We call a partial endomorphism totally extendable (or extendable) if there exists a supergroup G*⊇G with a total endomorphism μ* which extends μ in the sense that gμ* = gμ, whenever the right-hand side is defined (3).

The following problem appears in Robert Simson's “Opera Quaedam Reliqua,” pp. 472–504 :

“ Si a duobus punctis datis A, B ad circulum positione datum CDE inflectantur utcumque duae rectae AC, BC circumferentiae rursus in D, E occurrentes; juncta DE vel continebit datum angulum cum recta ad datum punctum vergente ; vel parallela erit rectae positionae datae; vel verget ad datum punctum:” i.e. if from two given points A and B any two straight lines AC, BC are drawn to a circle CDE given in position, and they meet the circumference again in D and E, then the straight line DE (I.) will inake a constant angle with a straight line passing through a fixed point, or (II.) will be parallel to a straight line given in position, or (III.) will pass through a given point. This final form of the result was only arrived at by Simson after he obtained the aid of Matthew Stewart.

In (5) and (6) we studied certain subgroups of infinite dimensional linear groups over rings. In particular we investigated how the structure of the subgroups was related to the structure of the rings over which the linear groups were defined. It became clear that it might prove useful to study generalised nilpotent properties of rings analogous to Baer nilgroups and Gruenberg groups. We look briefly at some classes of generalised nilpotent rings in this paper and obtain a lattice diagram exhibiting all the strict inclusions between the classes.

Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society

Volume 38 (Series II) Part 1 February 1995

Page 133—Paper by Daqing Wan, Gary L. Mullen and Peter Jau-Shyong Shiue

Due to a printer's error a mathematical sign was missed in the article heading which should now read:

The Number of Permutation Polynomials of the Form f(x) + cx Over a Finite Field

Given AB=DE, AC=DF, ∠A=∠D.

Suppose you start from B, and walk along BA a certain distance a to A; then at A you turn at a certain angle into another road AC; then you walk along AC a certain distance b to C. Again you start from E, walk a distance a along ED; turn off at D into DF at the same angle as before; then walk the distance b along DF to F. Since you have gone through the same set of movements in the two cases, and since the same cause always produces the same result, the results in the two cases must be the same, that is, you will arrive in both cases, at the same distance from the starting point. Hence BC = EF.

I do not think any apology is needed for asking the Society to consider the treatment of Proportion in Elementary Geometry. Although the fifth book of Euclid's Elements appears in all editions of Euclid, I know of no school or college where it is read; I know of no examination for which it is prescribed, and I have never seen an examination paper which contained a question based upon it, except in regard to its definitions. Indeed I believe it is not unfair to say that even among teachers themselves a thorough knowledge of Euclid's fifth book is very rare.

Consider a plane curve C of order n and class X; it is to be supposed throughout that C has only ordinary Plücker singularities, i.e. nodes, cusps, inflections and bitangents. Through any point P1 of C there pass, apart from the tangent at P1 itself, X – 2 lines which touch C; let T12 be the point of contact of any one of these tangents and P2 any one of the n – 3 further intersections of P1T12 with C. Through P2 there pass, apart from the tangent at P2 itself and the line P2P1, X — 3 lines which touch C; let T23 be the point of contact of any one of these with C and P3 any one of its n — 3 further intersections with C.

We consider three classes of polynomial differential equations of the form ẋ = y + establish Pn (x, y), ẏ = x + Qn (x, y), where establish Pn and Qn are homogeneous polynomials of degree n, having a non-Hamiltonian centre at the origin. By using a method different from the classical ones, we study the limit cycles that bifurcate from the periodic orbits of such centres when we perturb them inside the class of all polynomial differential systems of the above form. A more detailed study is made for the particular cases of degree n = 2 and n = 3.

The problem which we discuss in this paper can be easily settled for a closed plane set; after a brief introduction giving the definitions and theorems used later we indicate how this may be done; we then proceed to the main problem.

Let A be a finite dimensional algebra with identity element over a field. A is generalised uniserial if every primitive left ideal and every primitive right ideal of A has only one compositions series. In the previous papers in this series (6, 7) generalised uniserial algebras have been characterised as algebras all of whose residue class algebras are of certain types. The purpose of this paper is to extend the earlier results by showing that in order that A be generalised uniserial it is sufficient to require weaker conditions on merely a finite sequence of residue class algebras of A.

The notion of a closed vector measure m, due to I. Kluv´;nek, is by now well established. Its importance stems from the fact that if the locally convex space X in which m assumes its values is sequentially complete, then m is closed if and only if its L1-space is complete for the topology of uniform convergence of indefinite integrals. However, there are important examples of X-valued measures where X is not sequentially complete. Sufficient conditions guaranteeing the completeness of L1(m) for closed X-valued measures m are presented without the requirement that X be sequentially complete.

In this note the volumes of certain regions in the n-sphere will be found in two ways: (a) by using a symmetry argument, (b) by expressing the volumes as repeated integrals over the (n-l)-cube. By considering the 4 and 5 spheres and equating the integrals obtained by method (b) to the solution obtained by method (a) we evaluate integrals of the form

for certain values of a, b and c; it does not appear easy (if indeed it is possible) to evaluate these integrals by direct methods.