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Discrete quantum walks are quantum analogues of classical random walks. They are an important tool in quantum computing and a number of algorithms can be viewed as discrete quantum walks, in particular Grover's search algorithm. These walks are constructed on an underlying graph, and so there is a relation between properties of walks and properties of the graph. This book studies the mathematical problems that arise from this connection, and the different classes of walks that arise. Written at a level suitable for graduate students in mathematics, the only prerequisites are linear algebra and basic graph theory; no prior knowledge of physics is required. The text serves as an introduction to this important and rapidly developing area for mathematicians and as a detailed reference for computer scientists and physicists working on quantum information theory.
Computer science majors taking a non-programming-based course like discrete mathematics might ask 'Why do I need to learn this?' Written with these students in mind, this text introduces the mathematical foundations of computer science by providing a comprehensive treatment of standard technical topics while simultaneously illustrating some of the broad-ranging applications of that material throughout the field. Chapters on core topics from discrete structures – like logic, proofs, number theory, counting, probability, graphs – are augmented with around 60 'computer science connections' pages introducing their applications: for example, game trees (logic), triangulation of scenes in computer graphics (induction), the Enigma machine (counting), algorithmic bias (relations), differential privacy (probability), and paired kidney transplants (graphs). Pedagogical features include 'Why You Might Care' sections, quick-reference chapter guides and key terms and results summaries, problem-solving and writing tips, 'Taking it Further' asides with more technical details, and around 1700 exercises, 435 worked examples, and 480 figures.
Let $G=(V,E)$ be a countable graph. The Bunkbed graph of $G$ is the product graph $G \times K_2$, which has vertex set $V\times \{0,1\}$ with “horizontal” edges inherited from $G$ and additional “vertical” edges connecting $(w,0)$ and $(w,1)$ for each $w \in V$. Kasteleyn’s Bunkbed conjecture states that for each $u,v \in V$ and $p\in [0,1]$, the vertex $(u,0)$ is at least as likely to be connected to $(v,0)$ as to $(v,1)$ under Bernoulli-$p$ bond percolation on the bunkbed graph. We prove that the conjecture holds in the $p \uparrow 1$ limit in the sense that for each finite graph $G$ there exists $\varepsilon (G)\gt 0$ such that the bunkbed conjecture holds for $p \geqslant 1-\varepsilon (G)$.
An old conjecture of Erdős and McKay states that if all homogeneous sets in an $n$-vertex graph are of order $O(\!\log n)$ then the graph contains induced subgraphs of each size from $\{0,1,\ldots, \Omega \big(n^2\big)\}$. We prove a bipartite analogue of the conjecture: if all balanced homogeneous sets in an $n \times n$ bipartite graph are of order $O(\!\log n)$, then the graph contains induced subgraphs of each size from $\{0,1,\ldots, \Omega \big(n^2\big)\}$.
Given a graphon $W$ and a finite simple graph $H$, with vertex set $V(H)$, denote by $X_n(H, W)$ the number of copies of $H$ in a $W$-random graph on $n$ vertices. The asymptotic distribution of $X_n(H, W)$ was recently obtained by Hladký, Pelekis, and Šileikis [17] in the case where $H$ is a clique. In this paper, we extend this result to any fixed graph $H$. Towards this we introduce a notion of $H$-regularity of graphons and show that if the graphon $W$ is not $H$-regular, then $X_n(H, W)$ has Gaussian fluctuations with scaling $n^{|V(H)|-\frac{1}{2}}$. On the other hand, if $W$ is $H$-regular, then the fluctuations are of order $n^{|V(H)|-1}$ and the limiting distribution of $X_n(H, W)$ can have both Gaussian and non-Gaussian components, where the non-Gaussian component is a (possibly) infinite weighted sum of centred chi-squared random variables with the weights determined by the spectral properties of a graphon derived from $W$. Our proofs use the asymptotic theory of generalised $U$-statistics developed by Janson and Nowicki [22]. We also investigate the structure of $H$-regular graphons for which either the Gaussian or the non-Gaussian component of the limiting distribution (but not both) is degenerate. Interestingly, there are also $H$-regular graphons $W$ for which both the Gaussian or the non-Gaussian components are degenerate, that is, $X_n(H, W)$ has a degenerate limit even under the scaling $n^{|V(H)|-1}$. We give an example of this degeneracy with $H=K_{1, 3}$ (the 3-star) and also establish non-degeneracy in a few examples. This naturally leads to interesting open questions on higher order degeneracies.
We prove new mixing rate estimates for the random walks on homogeneous spaces determined by a probability distribution on a finite group $G$. We introduce the switched random walk determined by a finite set of probability distributions on $G$, prove that its long-term behaviour is determined by the Fourier joint spectral radius of the distributions, and give Hermitian sum-of-squares algorithms for the effective estimation of this quantity.
We consider supercritical site percolation on the $d$-dimensional hypercube $Q^d$. We show that typically all components in the percolated hypercube, besides the giant, are of size $O(d)$. This resolves a conjecture of Bollobás, Kohayakawa, and Łuczak from 1994.
A $(p,q)$-colouring of a graph $G$ is an edge-colouring of $G$ which assigns at least $q$ colours to each $p$-clique. The problem of determining the minimum number of colours, $f(n,p,q)$, needed to give a $(p,q)$-colouring of the complete graph $K_n$ is a natural generalization of the well-known problem of identifying the diagonal Ramsey numbers $r_k(p)$. The best-known general upper bound on $f(n,p,q)$ was given by Erdős and Gyárfás in 1997 using a probabilistic argument. Since then, improved bounds in the cases where $p=q$ have been obtained only for $p\in \{4,5\}$, each of which was proved by giving a deterministic construction which combined a $(p,p-1)$-colouring using few colours with an algebraic colouring.
In this paper, we provide a framework for proving new upper bounds on $f(n,p,p)$ in the style of these earlier constructions. We characterize all colourings of $p$-cliques with $p-1$ colours which can appear in our modified version of the $(p,p-1)$-colouring of Conlon, Fox, Lee, and Sudakov. This allows us to greatly reduce the amount of case-checking required in identifying $(p,p)$-colourings, which would otherwise make this problem intractable for large values of $p$. In addition, we generalize our algebraic colouring from the $p=5$ setting and use this to give improved upper bounds on $f(n,6,6)$ and $f(n,8,8)$.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras.
The building blocks of the theory are geometric objects associated to a reflection arrangement such as faces, flats, lunes, and their orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. A generalized notion of zeta and Möbius function play a fundamental role in all aspects of the theory, including exp-log correspondences and results such as the Poincarö–Birkhoff–Witt theorem. The Tits algebra and its invariant subalgebra also play key roles.
This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.