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Moral disciplining: The cognitive and evolutionary foundations of puritanical morality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 September 2022

Léo Fitouchi Open the ORCID record for Léo Fitouchi [Opens in a new window] ,
Jean-Baptiste André Open the ORCID record for Jean-Baptiste André [Opens in a new window]  and
Nicolas Baumard Open the ORCID record for Nicolas Baumard [Opens in a new window]
Léo Fitouchi
Affiliation:
Département d’études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France. leo.fitouchi@gmail.com; https://sites.google.com/view/leofitouchi jeanbaptistrandre@gmail.com; http://jb.homepage.free.fr/ nbaumard@gmail.com; https://nicolasbaumards.org/
Jean-Baptiste André
Affiliation:
Département d’études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France. leo.fitouchi@gmail.com; https://sites.google.com/view/leofitouchi jeanbaptistrandre@gmail.com; http://jb.homepage.free.fr/ nbaumard@gmail.com; https://nicolasbaumards.org/
Nicolas Baumard
Affiliation:
Département d’études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France. leo.fitouchi@gmail.com; https://sites.google.com/view/leofitouchi jeanbaptistrandre@gmail.com; http://jb.homepage.free.fr/ nbaumard@gmail.com; https://nicolasbaumards.org/
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Abstract

Why do many societies moralize apparently harmless pleasures, such as lust, gluttony, alcohol, drugs, and even music and dance? Why do they erect temperance, asceticism, sobriety, modesty, and piety as cardinal moral virtues? According to existing theories, this puritanical morality cannot be reduced to concerns for harm and fairness: It must emerge from cognitive systems that did not evolve for cooperation (e.g., disgust-based “purity” concerns). Here, we argue that, despite appearances, puritanical morality is no exception to the cooperative function of moral cognition. It emerges in response to a key feature of cooperation, namely that cooperation is (ultimately) a long-term strategy, requiring (proximately) the self-control of appetites for immediate gratification. Puritanical moralizations condemn behaviors which, although inherently harmless, are perceived as indirectly facilitating uncooperative behaviors, by impairing the self-control required to refrain from cheating. Drinking, drugs, immodest clothing, and unruly music and dance are condemned as stimulating short-term impulses, thus facilitating uncooperative behaviors (e.g., violence, adultery, free-riding). Overindulgence in harmless bodily pleasures (e.g., masturbation, gluttony) is perceived as making people slave to their urges, thus altering abilities to resist future antisocial temptations. Daily self-discipline, ascetic temperance, and pious ritual observance are perceived as cultivating the self-control required to honor prosocial obligations. We review psychological, historical, and ethnographic evidence supporting this account. We use this theory to explain the fall of puritanism in western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, and discuss the cultural evolution of puritanical norms. Explaining puritanical norms does not require adding mechanisms unrelated to cooperation in our models of the moral mind.

Keywords

cooperationmodestymoralitypleasurepuritanismpurityself-controlsinsobrietytemperancetemptation
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 46 , 2023 , e293
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

*

These authors contributed equally.

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