Chapter 5 argues that Hegel’s interest in the Concept Logic is to determine when a concept and its object are in a “true” or fully unified relation. This requires developing both the least adequate logical relation of concept to object, which he calls judgment, and the most adequate such form, which is the syllogistic form of teleology. For Hegel, what best corresponds to its concept is what is conceptually constituted. And Hegel’s model for conceptual constitution is a teleological process governed by some universal. It is argued that the Teleology chapter of the Logic does not reject the artifactual model for teleology but in fact embraces it, for the teleology of artifacts requires that an intention come “first” in the construction of its object. Artifactual teleology shows in a concrete way how the moments of conceptual form can be unified in the objective domain.

The principle of orality is a key feature of adversarial legal systems. It safeguards the right of the parties to present their case in court and for court hearings to be heard in public, underpinning thus transparency and procedural justice. The implementation of the principle of orality in legal proceedings has, however, been challenged in legal research and practice. The chapter draws on linguistic frameworks to explore the principle of orality from the theoretical perspective and question its implementation in county and family courts across England and Wales. Focusing on these high-volume proceedings, the analysis expands on the conceptualisation of the principle of orality, presents a novel methodological approach to exploring orality in legal practice and identifies court procedures that support and those that impede on the effective implementation of the principle of orality. To address issues with reduced orality and its patchy implementation, the chapter argues for the need to uphold the quality assurance of the investigative and evidentiary process, support court users through guided elicitation and provide scope for procedural flexibility.

‘The world’s first stored-program computer was born here, and the University has been at the forefront of computing ever since.’ So stated the brochure for a lavish anniversary celebration in 1998 which identified Manchester with a unique computing research culture prioritising practical hardware design, building on the historically close links between the University and local industry. Absent from this picture was any mention of Alan Turing, today widely regarded as Manchester’s greatest computing hero. Turing followed a very different ethos, pursuing philosophical and interdisciplinary investigations of what computers might do, most notably in his 1950 article on the possibility of a machine learning to think for itself. This chapter considers the institutional tensions between the two worldviews to track the development and redefinition of Manchester computing.

This Chapter will provide a detailed examination of IHL’s threshold of termination and is comprised of five substantive sections. The first section explores the temporal architecture of Common Article 3 (CA3) and Additional Protocol II (APII) to determine what, if anything, conventional IHL has to say about is threshold of termination during NIAC. The second section unpacks and critically examines four doctrinal approaches for determining the temporal scope of IHL during NIAC: the ‘peaceful settlement’ approach, the ‘lasting pacification’ approach, the ‘two-way ratchet’ theory, and the ‘human rights law’ approach. While each of these approaches possess certain advantages and limitations, it is argued that none produce entirely satisfactory results. For this reason, the third section revisits the logic that underpins and informs the theory and practice of IHL’s temporal scope during NIAC. Following from this analysis, the fourth  section proposes an alternative ‘functional approach for determining IHL’s threshold of termination during NIAC, and demonstrates the utility of the ‘functional approach’ over existing approaches by exploring its practical application to specific examples from the hostilities regime and the protections regime during NIAC.

This case presents a simulated scenario of a bioterrorism attack involving the deliberate release of Francisella tularensis (tularemia) in rural farming communities. The scenario challenges participants to manage an overwhelming influx of patients presenting to a rural hospital’s emergency department with varying symptoms of tularemia, including ulceroglandular disease, pneumonia, and sepsis. The hospital faces severe limitations in critical care resources, such as ventilators and ICU beds, requiring a transition from conventional to crisis-level care. Participants are tasked with diagnosing tularemia without on-site diagnostic tools, stabilizing patients, and utilizing emergency management resources, such as the hospital incident command system (HICS). The scenario also emphasizes the need for effective communication with public health agencies, the recognition of a bioterrorism event, and ethical decision-making in allocating scarce resources. Additionally, participants must navigate the complexities of national emergency preparedness and response systems to mitigate the impact of the attack on healthcare operations.

Chapter 4 constitutes the final part of the “toolkit” and is focused on research ethics and integrity. In the first half of the chapter, we discuss the purpose of ethics boards and human subjects protections programs, and how to ethically collect language data through various methods of human behavior, including through social media. The second half of the chapter contains a discussion of research integrity and such topics as citing and referencing sources appropriately, what constitutes plagiarism, and stylistic considerations to take when disseminating your work.

This chapter traces the way in which David Marquand develops a civic republican political theory across four key works, namely: The Unprincipled Society, The New Reckoning, Britain Since 1918 and Mammon's Kingdom. It explores the core elements of this civic republicanism and discusses some criticisms of Marquand's civic republicanism. The chapter suggests that Marquand's focus on republican political process, centred on discussion and 'mutual education', has considerable relevance in the present UK. J. G. A. Pocock famously wrote of the 'Machiavellian moment' in which the problem of founding a lasting republic is posed. The chapter suggests that the UK is reaching a 'Marquandian moment' in which the national deliberation about shared purpose and the common good that Marquand calls for repeatedly in his work potentially has a key role to play in addressing the emerging challenges of national self-definition.

This chapter is a review of evidence-based relationship education (RE), meaning education to promote healthy couple relationships whose content is informed by the psychology of intimate relationships, and evaluated in methodologically rigorous trials. We describe two broad approaches to RE and their theoretical underpinnings: assessment with feedback and curriculum-based RE. The chapter analyses how RE can be tailored for different stages of the family life cycle and made easily accessible by using different modes of delivery (e.g., face-to-face, online, and via apps on smart devices). The effectiveness of RE approaches and the factors influencing RE effects are summarized via an umbrella review of recent meta-analyses of outcome research. We conclude that future directions for research and practice should include expanding the diversity of RE theory and content to address diversity in culture, life circumstances, and gender diversity of couple relationships; and extending the reach of RE.

Vienna enjoys particularly high esteem as a city of music, a reputation that emerged long ago and still holds true today. This chapter considers the Viennese institutions focused on music as a prime generator of the frequent and the frequently high level of musical activity, discussing inter alia churches, the Tonkünstler-Societät, the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, the Vienna Philharmonic and twentieth-century institutions such as the Wiener Konzertverein and the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.

Chapter 7 is the first of seven chapters on store atmospherics. The term indicates that the atmosphere is under the retailer’s control, and it is an idea that has been researched for over 50 years. Most research studies on store atmospherics rely on the Mehrabian−Russell model (the M-R-model). The M-R model is a stimulus-organism-response model. That is, it looks at the effect of a stimulus (e.g., the store environment) on the shoppers; emotions that in turn influence shopper behaviour. The effect on the shopper behaviour is indirect since behaviour is altered only as a consequence of the shoppers' shifted emotions. A common way to measure emotions is to use the pleasure, arousal, and dominance (PAD) scale. In a next step, a common way to measure the behavioural outcome is to estimate shoppers' approach/avoidance in terms of how much time and money they spend as well as whether they try to approach or avoid others in the store. Pleasure is typically found to correlate with higher spending. Arousal is often found to amplify positive/negative emotions. Some studies have found support for an optimal level of stimulation where too little arousal leads to shoppers spending less because they are not sufficiently aroused, while too much stimulation also has a negative effect on the shopper’s behaviour.

Historians have long been interested in vagrancy during the early modern period, and the treatment meted out to travellers by local officials. However, despite the fact that so many vagrants were conscripted for military service, little work has been done on how they fared during the British Civil Wars. The closely-related topic of ‘wandering soldiers’ remains largely unexplored, despite the fact that they featured prominently in early modern ‘rogue’ literature. Demobilised veterans and deserters did not simply go home, not least because large numbers of conscripts, being unskilled and unmarried, had little reason to do so. The chapter investigates the scale, complexity and political significance of the problems which resulted, and why, given the fact that such individuals were potentially far more dangerous than normal vagrants, the moral panics of earlier decades were not repeated.